Explain the Differences Between Pangloss’s Philosophy Essay

Pangloss’s philosophy of life is that all is for the best in the â€Å"best of all possible worlds. † This optimistic philosophy actually is the key element of Voltaire’s satire. Pangloss’s philosophy is against the ideas of the Enlightenment period. Pangloss believes that a powerful God had created the world and that, therefore, the world must be perfect. When creatures of the world, see something as wrong or evil, it is because they do not understand the ultimate good that will come out of it. Voltaire satirically shows the reader that Pangloss is not a believable character. Voltaire illustrates this by showing us that he keeps his optimistic thought even when he is imprisoned. Pangloss ignores any evidence that contradicts his initial opinion. He also uses illogical arguments to support his beliefs. Pangloss’s philosophy tries to impose a passive attitude toward all that is wrong in the world. If the world is the best one possible, then there is no reason to make any effort to change things. Martin is more believable than Pangloss, not because he is more sophisticated, but because he is smarter and more likely to draw conclusions with which we can identify. Martin had been robbed by his wife and beaten by his son and deserted by his daughter and also lived financial setbacks, and therefore he’s a pessimist whereas Pangloss is an optimist. He uses his experiences to judge the world whereas Pangloss was merely using a theory. As a result, Martin is more insightful than Pangloss to foresee events that will happen. Even though Martin’s philosophy is more believable than Pangloss’s, he’s still not good at predicting how some people will behave because his philosophy is coming from extreme pessimism. Therefore it might not be wrong to say that Voltaire is trying to prove that we need flexible thought in our lives based on real evidence. Both philosophers will ultimately fail because there’s no room for exceptions in their beliefs. Candide starts his journey with the influence of Pangloss’s belief of â€Å"best of all possible worlds†. Pangloss and Candide, suffer and witness a wide variety of horrors and tragedies together. During these tragedies, Pangloss’s s philosophy proves to be useless and even destructive at the end, because it prevents them from making realistic judgments. For example while Jacques was drowning, Pangloss doesn’t let Candide save him by saying that the bay of Lisbon had been formed for this Anabaptist to drown in. Also when Candide was buried under the rubble of the Lisbon earthquake, he asked for oil and wine because he was dying, but Pangloss ignored him and still tried to reason with the causes of the earthquake. At the end Candide rejects his philosophy of optimism and as he and his servant Cacambo travel and go through more horrors, Candide starts believing a pessimistic view of life. When Candide meets Martin, they set sail together and Martin is just the opposite of Pangloss. He does not believe that everything is for the best in this world. Even though Candide tries to oppose Martin by talking about free will but it does not solve the problem of presence of evil in the world. In general, Martin’s arguments seem more reasonable than Pangloss’s ideas. But, like Pangloss, Martin believes so firmly in his own view of the world that he is not flexible and usually dismisses real evidence that contradicts his philosophy. When Candide cannot find Cunegonde, Martin shows the bad influence of his pessimism. Instead of attempting to comfort his friend, Martin uses Candide’s distress to further confirm his own world-view. Just like Pangloss’s optimism, Martin’s pessimism also keeps him from taking initiative to improve the world.

A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor

In â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, by Flannery O’Connor, the theme is grace, the idea that nothing we do can save us from our own faults. In the beginning of the story, the grandmother talks about how you cannot even trust anybody in the world, while she is actually being more untrustworthy than those of the world. After reading the story, you can see how her actions and her words are ironic because she is actually lying and cheating the family. Analyzing the characters, setting, and irony of the story, we can see how trust is a major issue throughout the story and how they have a rather dysfunctional family.In â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† the characters are important because their thoughts and actions mold together and make the story what it is. If there were one character missing, the story would not be the same. The mother is a character that hardly plays any role, and hardly ever says anything. Also, in the wreck, the mother was the only one who got hurt. The main thing the mother does is take care of the baby. With that being said, the character of the baby is mostly just to take up the mother’s attention. Also, taking some of the grandmother’s attention when she holds the baby in her lap for only a few minutes during the ride.June Star is Bailey’s daughter. Throughout the story, we learn that she is a rather disrespectful little girl. She makes rude remarks to everyone like â€Å"I wouldn’t live in a broken-down place like this for a million bucks† (O’Connor, 408) to Red Sam’s wife when talking to the baby. For the most part, she is just a bothersome little girl. Her brother, John Wesley, is almost just as bad. During the story, he mostly torments the grandmother and kicks the father’s seat repeatedly throughout the whole car ride. He, along with June Star, is disappointed when they realize there were no fatalities in the car accident.Red Sam is the restaurant owner wher e the family stopped to eat. Red Sam states, â€Å"a good man is hard to find† (409), when explaining to the grandmother about the men who never paid their tab. He wants to see the good in everybody, but explains, â€Å"Everything is getting terrible. I remember the day you could go off and leave your screen door unlatched. Not no more. † (409) Bailey is the grandmother’s only son. He is June Star and John Wesley’s father, also the driver of the car. Bailey likes to think that he is in control of everything, when in reality he is not.He lets the grandmother persuade him into going to Tennessee instead of Florida, where he had primarily intended on taking his family. Bailey and John Wesley are one of the first the get shot after the accident. The grandmother in the story is rather manipulative. From the beginning to the end, she is constantly nagging and talking the family into different plans. Not only is she this way towards the family, but she also trie s to talk the Misfit out of killing her and tries to convince him that he is a good boy. She does so by saying things like â€Å"You’ve got good blood! I know you wouldn’t shoot a lady!I know you come from nice people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (415). Also, the grandmother is very conceited; an example would be when the narrator says, â€Å"In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady† (406). The grandmother is so tied up with herself that she doesn’t want to admit when she is wrong, when on several occasions in the story, she is wrong. The Misfit is a character who comes along towards the end of the story. Arthur Bethea describes â€Å"The Misfit† is an anti-Christ. Jesus loved children, whereas children make the anti-Christ Misfit ‘nervous’† (247).He, along with his two-gang men, has escaped from prison and now on the loose. They come along after the accident, looking like they are going t o be good Samaritans, when actually they turn out to be murderers on the run. Along with the role the characters play in the story, the setting is also essential in which it starts in the house, moves to the car, and ends in the woods. At the beginning of the story, all the characters are in the house in an unknown city, debating on where they will go on vacation. Of course, the grandmother does not want to go where Bailey has planned.After they argue and figure out where they will go, they get in the car and head for Tennessee. While riding in the car, the grandmother starts remembering her childhood and demands that Bailey go to an old plantation she remembered. Putting them off track, they end up on a dirt road in Georgia where the grandmother realizes but does not say that they are in the wrong spot. After having a car accident, they family ends up in a ditch in the middle of nowhere. Little by little, each character is taken into the woods and do not return. In the woods is whe re the story ends, where the Misfit and his gang members ultimately kill the whole family.The characters and the setting are both important, and they come together to create irony that is shown throughout the whole story. At the beginning of the story, the grandmother tells us â€Å"The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed towards Florida† (405) this being her reasoning for not wanting to go to Florida. Little did they know, along the way, the grandmother would get them lost and lead them right into the Misfit’s path. Before coming intact with the Misfit, the grandmother had nothing good to say about him and judged him without knowing the slightest thing about him.Not until later, when coming face to face with him, she automatically changed her tone when she knew that her life was in jeopardy. Another example of irony would be dealing with the cat. At first, the cat was not supposed to come along on the trip. With the grandmother being so hardheaded, she br ought the cat along anyways. The cat jumped up, which is when the accident happened. If the grandmother had just done as Bailey said and left the cat, then the accident may not have ever happened. After analyzing the characters, setting, and irony of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† we see how these elements are essential for this story.We can see how certain behaviors of certain characters, like the Grandmother, lead to dangerous circumstances. If only the Grandmother would not have thought she was superior and had to have everything her way, the entire ruckus would not have happened. Work Cited Bethea Arthur F. â€Å"O’Connor’s A GOOD MAN IS HARD TO FIND. † Explicator 64. 4 (2006): 246-249. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013 O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find. † Literature 8th ed. Eds Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell. Boston:Wadsworth, 2013. 599-621. Print. A Good Man Is Hard to Find By Flannery O’Connor Courtney BarnesPage 1 Intro to Lit. Prof. Rupp Feb 18 2013 You’ve Got Good Blood Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† By Flannery O’Connor â€Å"You’ve got good blood. † â€Å"I know you come from nice people,(504) cried the grandmother. â€Å"Pray! †(505) she pleads using grace and religion to plead to the better nature of what she thinks is still a good man. The story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is about a family on vacation to Florida. The family takes a detour down a dirt road to look at an old plantation house that the grandmother tells a story about.She describes the house in such an intriguing way that most of the family is very eager to see it. However on the way the grandmother realizes that the house isn’t in Georgia at all but in fact in Tennessee, where she was longing to go instead of Florida. This startles her and she begins knocking things around and the cat jumps out of the basket landing on Bailey’s neck causing the car accident that leaves them stranded on the lonely road. When a passing car stops to help the grandmother quickly recognizes one of the men as â€Å"The Misfit†, a dangerous man who has escaped from prison.The grandmother confronts him and he tells her â€Å"It probably would have been better for your family if you had not recognized me at all lady. †(504) While the Page 2 Grandmother and the Misfit have a conversation about being a good man and how even a man who has turned bad can in fact be good again, the two men that came with the Misfit start breaking apart the family into small groups taking them into the woods to be shot and killed. While her family is being murdered in the woods behind her the Grandmother is pleading for her dear life shouting â€Å"I know you wouldn’t shoot a lady! (507) She continued on conversing with the Misfit knowing her family was being brutally murdered, trying to persuade him back to a go od man. She asks him what he did to go to prison in the first place and he tells her he don’t remember, but they tell him that he killed his dad and they must be right because they have the papers to prove it. As he goes on describing what has happened to him and what they done to him the reader gets the impression that he was wrongfully convicted. The Grandmother goes on telling him to pray, pray, pray. If you would pray† â€Å"Jesus would help you† (507) She goes on telling the Misfit that God has the power to fix things and to bring people back from the dead. She stresses over and over again during the time of their conversation the importance and power of prayer. If you dig deeper into the meaning of the story you can also see that the Grandmother is also pleading and praying for her own forgiveness and life. After all it is her fault that her families fate had become this. The outcome of the story was all consequence of the direct actions of the Grandmother. If she hadn’t suggested visiting the old plantation and made up things to entice the family to want to go then they never would have been on that road. If she wouldn’t have brought the cat the accident wouldn’t have happened and if she wouldn’t have spoken of recognizing Page 3 â€Å"The Misfit† murderer then he wouldn’t have killed her and her family. She unknowingly led her family to their tragic deaths. In the story the Grandmother is but of course the prominent character. By showing imperfections in her character the author shows the biased property of grace that she possesses.The Grandmother is portrayed as a typical southern woman of this era. She even dresses very sophisticated for a car trip. She wants to make sure she is recognized as a woman. If she was in an accident â€Å"anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady. † The main theme of the story is religion. The plot intends to symbolize the spi ritual grace passed from one human being to another with no regard to kindness or evil at all. You get a clear understanding of this in how the Grandmother misinterprets the word â€Å"good†. Grace is clearly used when the Grandmother say’s to the misfit â€Å"why you are one of my babies.You’re one of my own children! †(508) This was used to show him and get him to understand that they are both human beings. The Grandmother believes that because the Misfit is a good man that he cannot shoot a lady, his conscience just won’t allow it. This is where she misinterprets â€Å"good†. The Grandmother is the portrait of blind faith that so many of us operate daily from. She beliefs with all her soul that somewhere in this man is good if she digs deep enough she can bring it out in him. Despite all the bad things he has done, even in killing her family she appeals to the good side of him.Page 4 We all want to belief in the good of mankind. In the fa ce of evil it’s that very hope and belief that bring back the balance of good to evil in the world. The story focuses on Christian beliefs and values depicts sin and punishment, belief and disbelief, good and evil. The Grandmother is representative of good and godliness. She reminisces on how times were good in her younger days and you could trust people The Misfit represents evil. At one point he symbolizes himself with Christ as they were both punished for crimes they did not commit.Christ died for the sins of others; however the Misfit murdered innocent people. The children in the story also play an underline role that you have to pay close attention in order to catch. They are the symbol of the breakdown of respect and discipline of future generations. In a way the story foreshadows into the way the world will be if we don’t teach our children respect for people and heritage. The Grandmother also plays a foreshadowing role when she warns her family of the Misfit an d his crimes, â€Å"here this fellow calls himself the Misfit is a loose from the Federal Pen and headed to Florida. (497)†¦. giving the reader the first clue that the family will eventually run into the Misfit. Page 5 The author’s symbolism throughout the story represents faith/lack of, and death. When the family stray’s from the course in which they set out on where they eventually are murdered symbolizes how people often stray from their faith in Jesus. Even the town â€Å"Toombsboro† is a symbol of death. The graveyard on the plantation is a concrete symbol of death. â€Å"It was a big black battered hearselike automobile,† symbolizes death has arrived.The author brings the reader to the conclusion that modern society is drastically changing for the worse. Every day we see the evil growing and prevailing in our society. And in the story the author suggests that if everyone would find Jesus our society would once again operate on Christian morals , values and beliefs. If we teach our children about spirituality and respect while holding them to the up most standards we would be fixing the future of our nation. Works Cited â€Å" A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O’Connor / Literature and its writers 6th edition 1955 A Good Man Is Hard to Find By Flannery O’Connor Courtney BarnesPage 1 Intro to Lit. Prof. Rupp Feb 18 2013 You’ve Got Good Blood Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† By Flannery O’Connor â€Å"You’ve got good blood. † â€Å"I know you come from nice people,(504) cried the grandmother. â€Å"Pray! †(505) she pleads using grace and religion to plead to the better nature of what she thinks is still a good man. The story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is about a family on vacation to Florida. The family takes a detour down a dirt road to look at an old plantation house that the grandmother tells a story about.She describes the house in such an intriguing way that most of the family is very eager to see it. However on the way the grandmother realizes that the house isn’t in Georgia at all but in fact in Tennessee, where she was longing to go instead of Florida. This startles her and she begins knocking things around and the cat jumps out of the basket landing on Bailey’s neck causing the car accident that leaves them stranded on the lonely road. When a passing car stops to help the grandmother quickly recognizes one of the men as â€Å"The Misfit†, a dangerous man who has escaped from prison.The grandmother confronts him and he tells her â€Å"It probably would have been better for your family if you had not recognized me at all lady. †(504) While the Page 2 Grandmother and the Misfit have a conversation about being a good man and how even a man who has turned bad can in fact be good again, the two men that came with the Misfit start breaking apart the family into small groups taking them into the woods to be shot and killed. While her family is being murdered in the woods behind her the Grandmother is pleading for her dear life shouting â€Å"I know you wouldn’t shoot a lady! (507) She continued on conversing with the Misfit knowing her family was being brutally murdered, trying to persuade him back to a go od man. She asks him what he did to go to prison in the first place and he tells her he don’t remember, but they tell him that he killed his dad and they must be right because they have the papers to prove it. As he goes on describing what has happened to him and what they done to him the reader gets the impression that he was wrongfully convicted. The Grandmother goes on telling him to pray, pray, pray. If you would pray† â€Å"Jesus would help you† (507) She goes on telling the Misfit that God has the power to fix things and to bring people back from the dead. She stresses over and over again during the time of their conversation the importance and power of prayer. If you dig deeper into the meaning of the story you can also see that the Grandmother is also pleading and praying for her own forgiveness and life. After all it is her fault that her families fate had become this. The outcome of the story was all consequence of the direct actions of the Grandmother. If she hadn’t suggested visiting the old plantation and made up things to entice the family to want to go then they never would have been on that road. If she wouldn’t have brought the cat the accident wouldn’t have happened and if she wouldn’t have spoken of recognizing Page 3 â€Å"The Misfit† murderer then he wouldn’t have killed her and her family. She unknowingly led her family to their tragic deaths. In the story the Grandmother is but of course the prominent character. By showing imperfections in her character the author shows the biased property of grace that she possesses.The Grandmother is portrayed as a typical southern woman of this era. She even dresses very sophisticated for a car trip. She wants to make sure she is recognized as a woman. If she was in an accident â€Å"anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady. † The main theme of the story is religion. The plot intends to symbolize the spi ritual grace passed from one human being to another with no regard to kindness or evil at all. You get a clear understanding of this in how the Grandmother misinterprets the word â€Å"good†. Grace is clearly used when the Grandmother say’s to the misfit â€Å"why you are one of my babies.You’re one of my own children! †(508) This was used to show him and get him to understand that they are both human beings. The Grandmother believes that because the Misfit is a good man that he cannot shoot a lady, his conscience just won’t allow it. This is where she misinterprets â€Å"good†. The Grandmother is the portrait of blind faith that so many of us operate daily from. She beliefs with all her soul that somewhere in this man is good if she digs deep enough she can bring it out in him. Despite all the bad things he has done, even in killing her family she appeals to the good side of him.Page 4 We all want to belief in the good of mankind. In the fa ce of evil it’s that very hope and belief that bring back the balance of good to evil in the world. The story focuses on Christian beliefs and values depicts sin and punishment, belief and disbelief, good and evil. The Grandmother is representative of good and godliness. She reminisces on how times were good in her younger days and you could trust people The Misfit represents evil. At one point he symbolizes himself with Christ as they were both punished for crimes they did not commit.Christ died for the sins of others; however the Misfit murdered innocent people. The children in the story also play an underline role that you have to pay close attention in order to catch. They are the symbol of the breakdown of respect and discipline of future generations. In a way the story foreshadows into the way the world will be if we don’t teach our children respect for people and heritage. The Grandmother also plays a foreshadowing role when she warns her family of the Misfit an d his crimes, â€Å"here this fellow calls himself the Misfit is a loose from the Federal Pen and headed to Florida. (497)†¦. giving the reader the first clue that the family will eventually run into the Misfit. Page 5 The author’s symbolism throughout the story represents faith/lack of, and death. When the family stray’s from the course in which they set out on where they eventually are murdered symbolizes how people often stray from their faith in Jesus. Even the town â€Å"Toombsboro† is a symbol of death. The graveyard on the plantation is a concrete symbol of death. â€Å"It was a big black battered hearselike automobile,† symbolizes death has arrived.The author brings the reader to the conclusion that modern society is drastically changing for the worse. Every day we see the evil growing and prevailing in our society. And in the story the author suggests that if everyone would find Jesus our society would once again operate on Christian morals , values and beliefs. If we teach our children about spirituality and respect while holding them to the up most standards we would be fixing the future of our nation. Works Cited â€Å" A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O’Connor / Literature and its writers 6th edition 1955 A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor In â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, by Flannery O’Connor, the theme is grace, the idea that nothing we do can save us from our own faults. In the beginning of the story, the grandmother talks about how you cannot even trust anybody in the world, while she is actually being more untrustworthy than those of the world. After reading the story, you can see how her actions and her words are ironic because she is actually lying and cheating the family. Analyzing the characters, setting, and irony of the story, we can see how trust is a major issue throughout the story and how they have a rather dysfunctional family.In â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† the characters are important because their thoughts and actions mold together and make the story what it is. If there were one character missing, the story would not be the same. The mother is a character that hardly plays any role, and hardly ever says anything. Also, in the wreck, the mother was the only one who got hurt. The main thing the mother does is take care of the baby. With that being said, the character of the baby is mostly just to take up the mother’s attention. Also, taking some of the grandmother’s attention when she holds the baby in her lap for only a few minutes during the ride.June Star is Bailey’s daughter. Throughout the story, we learn that she is a rather disrespectful little girl. She makes rude remarks to everyone like â€Å"I wouldn’t live in a broken-down place like this for a million bucks† (O’Connor, 408) to Red Sam’s wife when talking to the baby. For the most part, she is just a bothersome little girl. Her brother, John Wesley, is almost just as bad. During the story, he mostly torments the grandmother and kicks the father’s seat repeatedly throughout the whole car ride. He, along with June Star, is disappointed when they realize there were no fatalities in the car accident.Red Sam is the restaurant owner wher e the family stopped to eat. Red Sam states, â€Å"a good man is hard to find† (409), when explaining to the grandmother about the men who never paid their tab. He wants to see the good in everybody, but explains, â€Å"Everything is getting terrible. I remember the day you could go off and leave your screen door unlatched. Not no more. † (409) Bailey is the grandmother’s only son. He is June Star and John Wesley’s father, also the driver of the car. Bailey likes to think that he is in control of everything, when in reality he is not.He lets the grandmother persuade him into going to Tennessee instead of Florida, where he had primarily intended on taking his family. Bailey and John Wesley are one of the first the get shot after the accident. The grandmother in the story is rather manipulative. From the beginning to the end, she is constantly nagging and talking the family into different plans. Not only is she this way towards the family, but she also trie s to talk the Misfit out of killing her and tries to convince him that he is a good boy. She does so by saying things like â€Å"You’ve got good blood! I know you wouldn’t shoot a lady!I know you come from nice people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (415). Also, the grandmother is very conceited; an example would be when the narrator says, â€Å"In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady† (406). The grandmother is so tied up with herself that she doesn’t want to admit when she is wrong, when on several occasions in the story, she is wrong. The Misfit is a character who comes along towards the end of the story. Arthur Bethea describes â€Å"The Misfit† is an anti-Christ. Jesus loved children, whereas children make the anti-Christ Misfit ‘nervous’† (247).He, along with his two-gang men, has escaped from prison and now on the loose. They come along after the accident, looking like they are going t o be good Samaritans, when actually they turn out to be murderers on the run. Along with the role the characters play in the story, the setting is also essential in which it starts in the house, moves to the car, and ends in the woods. At the beginning of the story, all the characters are in the house in an unknown city, debating on where they will go on vacation. Of course, the grandmother does not want to go where Bailey has planned.After they argue and figure out where they will go, they get in the car and head for Tennessee. While riding in the car, the grandmother starts remembering her childhood and demands that Bailey go to an old plantation she remembered. Putting them off track, they end up on a dirt road in Georgia where the grandmother realizes but does not say that they are in the wrong spot. After having a car accident, they family ends up in a ditch in the middle of nowhere. Little by little, each character is taken into the woods and do not return. In the woods is whe re the story ends, where the Misfit and his gang members ultimately kill the whole family.The characters and the setting are both important, and they come together to create irony that is shown throughout the whole story. At the beginning of the story, the grandmother tells us â€Å"The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed towards Florida† (405) this being her reasoning for not wanting to go to Florida. Little did they know, along the way, the grandmother would get them lost and lead them right into the Misfit’s path. Before coming intact with the Misfit, the grandmother had nothing good to say about him and judged him without knowing the slightest thing about him.Not until later, when coming face to face with him, she automatically changed her tone when she knew that her life was in jeopardy. Another example of irony would be dealing with the cat. At first, the cat was not supposed to come along on the trip. With the grandmother being so hardheaded, she br ought the cat along anyways. The cat jumped up, which is when the accident happened. If the grandmother had just done as Bailey said and left the cat, then the accident may not have ever happened. After analyzing the characters, setting, and irony of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† we see how these elements are essential for this story.We can see how certain behaviors of certain characters, like the Grandmother, lead to dangerous circumstances. If only the Grandmother would not have thought she was superior and had to have everything her way, the entire ruckus would not have happened. Work Cited Bethea Arthur F. â€Å"O’Connor’s A GOOD MAN IS HARD TO FIND. † Explicator 64. 4 (2006): 246-249. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013 O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find. † Literature 8th ed. Eds Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell. Boston:Wadsworth, 2013. 599-621. Print.

History Of The Amputation Procedure Health And Social Care Essay

Harmonizing to WebMD â€Å" an amputation is the remotion of portion or all of a organic structure portion enclosed by tegument. Amputations are performed to take morbid tissue or to alleviate hurting † . The first amputations were performed in the Neolithic times, the first recorded instance of an amputation and prosthetic replacing surgery appears in the book of the Vedas. Most of the first amputations occurred during times of war, where injury to the appendages was really common. During the American Civil War if you were shot in the trunk there was a great opportunity that you would decease, but if you were shot in an appendage, quickest and most common option was amputation. When available the civil war sawboness put Chloroform on a fabric, so the fabric was held over the victim ‘s oral cavity and nose until the individual became unconscious. Because of the big figure of hurt soldiers the sawboness became experts with amputations, most of the clip the amputations could be performed in approximately 10 proceedingss. The sawboness were non healthful, because there was a deficit of H2O therefore they made no effort to rinse custodies or instruments between surgeries, despite all of this the survival rate of the amputees was at about 75 % . The bulk of the Civil War sawboness learned this process from this book â€Å" The Practice of Surgery † , by Samuel Cooper. This book was the â€Å" How To † book of executing amputations for the sawbones s. This book discusses the measure by measure ways to cut off the leg, below the articulatio genus, the arm, and the fingers and toes. Some of the instruments that the Civil War sawboness used were the compression bandage, scalpels, bone proverb, and bone childs. The compression bandage was used to curtail the flow of blood during an amputation process. The scalpel was used to do scratchs in the tegument. The bone proverb were used to cut straight through bone, and musculus. The bone childs were used to take matchwoods from the bone that the bone proverb could hold caused. Today there are many different types of amputations ; they are first categorized under upper limb amputations, and lower limb amputations. The upper limb amputations include: amputation of single figures, multiple digit amputation, metacarpal amputation, wrist disarticulation, forearm ( trans-radial ) amputation, elbow disarticulation, above-elbow ( trans-humeral ) amputation, shoulder disarticulation, and forequarter amputation. Amputation of single figures is the remotion of a finger ; this will do the patient problem hold oning objects. Multiple digit amputation is the remotion of two or more fingers, hold oning ability may be aided if the sawbones is able reconstruct the musculus. Metacarpal amputation is the complete remotion of the manus, with the carpus still integral ; with this type of amputation there is no ability to hold on. Wrist disarticulation is the remotion of the full manus up to the degree of the carpus articulation. Forearm ( trans-radial ) amputation this is the remotion radius, it is classified by the size of the staying stump ; as the stump length decreases so does the ability for the patient to revolve their forearm. Elbow disarticulation is the remotion of the full forearm up to the cubitus ; the patient still has the ability of keeping weight. Above-elbow ( trans-humeral ) amputation is the remotion of the humourous anyplace above the cubitus and below the shoulder ; prosthetic device could be used if there is some length left on the humourous. Shoulder disarticulation is the remotion the of the full arm, the shoulder blade still remains and the collar bone may or may non be removed. Forequarter amputation is the remotion of the full arm, shoulder blade, and collar bone, normally some bone is left in order to attach a prosthetic devices. The lower limb amputations include: foot amputations, ankle disarticulation ( Syme amputation ) , below-knee ( trans-tibial ) amputation, knee-bearing amputation, above-knee ( trans-femoral ) amputatio n, and hip disarticulation. Foot amputations are the remotion of any portion or part of the pes including toes, and mid-tarsal ; this type of amputation may impact balance and walking. Ankle disarticulation ( Syme amputation ) is the remotion of the full mortise joint ; with this type of amputation the victim can still mobilise without a prosthetic devices. Below-knee ( trans-tibial ) amputation is the remotion of the shinbone above the mortise joint, but below the articulatio genus ; victims keep the usage of the articulatio genus, but have problem seting weight on the stump. Knee-bearing amputation is the complete remotion of the lower leg ; it is normally more hard to make a prosthetic device for this type of amputation. Above-knee ( trans-femoral ) amputation is the remotion of the thighbone up to the degree of the thigh ; the victim can still sit with this type of amputation. Hip disarticulation is the remotion of the full leg ; sawboness try to go forth every bit much of the t highbone as possible in order to attach a prosthetic device. With all the amputations, upper and lower appendages, the sawbones will seek to go forth every bit much bone as possible in order to attach a prosthetic device. In the United States entirely there are over 350,000 amputees, and over 135,000 amputations happening each twelvemonth. In the United States the taking cause for amputations is disease ( 70 % ) , the 2nd leading cause is trauma ( 22 % ) , inborn or birth defects ( 4 % ) , and tumours ( 4 % ) . The most common diseases and conditions that can do an amputation are peripheral artery disease, arterial intercalation, impaired circulation as a complication of diabetes mellitus, sphacelus, terrible cryopathy, Raynaud ‘s disease, and Buerger ‘s disease. More than 90 % of all disease doing amputations are due to circulative complications of diabetes. 60-80 % of all of these amputations involve the lower appendages. Peripheral arteria disease causes amputations by the blood vass indurating that causes the blood to be blocked from making tissues in the organic structure ‘s appendages ; because of this these tissues finally die, which causes the demand for an amputation. Arteri al intercalation causes a blood coagulum to organize which blocks the flow of blood and so causes the tissue to decease and necessitate to be amputated. Diabetess mellitus is a disease where non adequate insulin is produced by the organic structure and hapless circulation occurs as a consequence of the diabetes, the hapless circulation can do tissue to decease, which would so necessitate to be amputated. Gangrene is the decease and decay of one time living tissue, the dead tissue is removed through an amputation. Frostbite is when tissue on the organic structure freezes, ensuing in hoar bite, in terrible instances the tissue dies and so would hold to be removed through an amputation. Raynaud ‘s disease is a disease largely found in immature adult females, it causes reduced blood flow to the appendages ; this could so do the tissue in the appendages to decease. Buerger ‘s disease is a episodic disease that causes redness and obstruction of the venas and arterias of the ap pendages, normally merely occurs in work forces under age 40, who smoke, this disease may necessitate amputation of the custodies or pess. The 2nd prima cause of an amputation is trauma. Harmonizing to Merriam-Webster injury is an hurt ( as a lesion ) to populating tissue caused by an extrinsic agent. There are many different possible injury, they can happen with but are non limited to auto accidents, terrible Burnss and gunshot lesions. During a traumatic hurt, blood vass and other organic structure tissue constituents are ripped or torn beyond fix by these types of hurts, go forthing no other option but amputation. Another cause of an amputation is a congenital or birth defect amputation. Congenital amputations occur in the uterus while the babe is still developing ; blood flow to a limb can go restricted because of other tissue. As a consequence the limb could be lost and the babe is born with a inborn amputation. The other cause of amputations are by tumours. Peoples with malign ant neoplastic disease that have malignant tumours, need to cut off the country in which the tumour is, in order to forestall the malignant neoplastic disease to further spread to other parts of the organic structure. Undergoing an amputation has many effects on the organic structure, both psychological and physical. These effects are happening before and after the surgery. Many new amputees have a hard clip with covering with the loss of a limb which has been with them since birth, merely the idea of holding to work without something that you have had entree to your whole life is a traumatic event in of its ego. When people are told that they are traveling to necessitate an amputation the most common reaction is shock. Many of the victims go through a period of denial, the people think â€Å" this ca n't go on to me † or â€Å" I wo n't allow you make this to me. † Many amputees may besides develop choler towards themselves, loved 1s and God. Amputees think to themselves â€Å" why me? † Many of the new amputees face being worried about the hurting during surgery and during the recovery period. Before the surgery the patients try to â€Å" dicker † with God, the sawbon es, or both to halt the demand for the amputation. After this does n't work many times the patient begins to hold symptoms of depression. Most people in the terminal learn to get by with the loss of their limb and accept what has happened. The amputation will hold a important impact on the patient ‘s self image, which could be positive or negative. Some of the amputees may experience a greater feeling of strength developed in the attempt to get the better of the losingss which have occurred late in their life. A good thing for amputees is run intoing with other amputees to assist each other header. However this new ego imagine of themselves could besides be negative if the amputee is concerned about how people will comprehend them, because they feel that they need to affect. Many are besides concerned because they feel that they wo n't be respected because they are crippled. Just like people need clip to retrieve psychologically and emotionally, the amputees need to retrieve p hysically. After the process, the patient will necessitate to be prescribed pain medical specialty, and antibiotics in order to forestall an infection from happening. The amputated part demands to be moved in order to make good circulation. The patient normally will get down physical therapy within 48 hours after surgery, to advance a speedy and effectual recovery. Depending on the gravitation of the amputation, depends on the clip that the patient will pass in the infirmary, it normally varies from several yearss to two hebdomads. Rehabilitation is a long procedure for amputees. Patients with an upper appendage amputation will most likely work with an Occupational Therapist. Patients with a lower appendage amputation will most likely work with a Physiotherapist/Physical Therapist. The clip that a recovery takes depends on assorted factors such as: physical form before the amputation, age, other medical jobs, ability to larn how to utilize a prosthetic device, how good you follow wa ies, motive to retrieve, and your psychological province. As with any major surgical process, amputations have major hazards with undergoing with this process. Hazards with the anaesthesia exists, every bit good as the possibility of heavy blood loss, and the possibility of blood coagulums organizing. Another major hazard of the process is infection to the amputated part. The rate of infection is at approximately 15 % , if the stump were to go septic the prosthetic device would hold to be removed and perchance a 2nd amputation higher up the appendage. Another major hazard is the stump neglecting to mend. This normally happens when there is a deficiency of blood to the amputated limb. Another hazard is phantom limb hurting, which is hurting that feels like it ‘s coming from a organic structure portion that ‘s no longer at that place. The intervention to phantom limb is hard, but it is possible. New amputees will sooner or subsequently have to confront that it will be harder to make the mundane undertakings that they used to finish. Although most of these undertakings are more hard, they are n't impossible, because of prosthetics. From the clip that amputations started, there were prosthetic device for the losing limbs. The prosthetic device were every bit simple as a wooden leg in the clip of early prosthetics. Today as engineering has advanced from the clip of early prosthetics, so has the prosthetic device made for amputees. Today there are prosthetic device that can pick up urges from the nervus that are amplified into a motor that make the elbow crook or unbend out, or the fingers open and near. For above the articulatio genus patients there are new prosthetic device which use motion-tracking detectors, vacuity suction engineering to supply improved tantrum, comfort and control. Since the recent promotions of these new prosthetic device people can populate similar to th e life that they used to populate. Amputations are a minor reverse for some unbelievable people who have gotten through their calamity, and have become noteworthy people in the universe of amputees. Heather Mills was the former married woman of Beatle Paul McCartney ; she was besides an English militant and a former glamor theoretical account. In August of 1993, Mills was hit by a constabulary bike while traversing the route, her hurts included crushed ribs, a pierced lung, and terrible hurt to her left leg. She needed a metal home base put into her pelvic girdle and the amputation of her leg below the articulatio genus. Bethany Hamilton is an American surfboarder who survived a shark onslaught in where she lost her left arm ; she overcame the serious and debilitating hurt and returned to surfing. Her narrative was so inspiring that there is a film that was late released about her called â€Å" Soul Surfer † . Daniel Inouye President pro tempore of the United States Senate is another noteworthy amputee. Daniel Inouye lost his right arm in the war, he remained in the armed forces until 1947, and he was uprightly discharged with the rank of captain. Inouye had programs to go a sawbones, but because of the loss of his arm, he abandoned his dream and returned to college to analyze political scientific discipline on the GI Bill.

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Editorial on Rafael Correa (President of Ecuador) - Essay Example Of course, this is not a view that is held by all and a number of organizations and people inside and outside the republic have referred to him as an autocrat and a guile politician. However, the evidence speaks for itself, and it cannot be denied that the nation is doing better place than it was before the Rafael Correa came into power. His achievements cannot be downplayed, and it is doubtful that his rivals would have been able to do the same had they been given the chance to take his position. Rafael Correa is an economist that was educated in three different countries namely his homeland Ecuador, the United States and Belgium (Ghosh, 2012). He has used this education to improve the financial status of his country through a number of economic policies that he has implemented over the years. One of the most controversial moves with regard to these policies has been his declaration of Ecuador’s national debt as illegitimate on the basis that it was contracted by previous regimes that were despotic and corrupt with no regard for the country thus making the debts odious in nature. This move caused waves in the international community as it meant that the country planned to default on over 3 billion dollars worth of debt (Enrico, 2009). The president fought his opposition on this subject in the international courts and eventually managed to reduce the price of the outstanding bonds by over 60%, which was an amazing result (Enrico, 2009). Correa has also managed to win over the hearts of his people through his achievements, and concern for Ecuador’s welfare and as a result has been elected twice into office. One of his main non-political controversies includes his relationship with the media which can be said to be strained at best as a number of critics have accused him of interfering with their independence. Over the past years, he has taken a number of journalists and media

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Managing Change At Sainsburys In Todays Economy Management Essay

Managing Change At Sainsburys In Todays Economy Management Essay Today world business is changing rapidly cause of changing in environment, changing in customer demand, change in political and economic front. There is tight competition also affect change. Change also changing with respect of situation and demand of change. Change gives future vision and without change we cannot getting better opportunity. Change is intact in today world. Sainsburys is longest standing major food retailing chain in the United Kingdoms. Their supermarket offers 30,000 products, 50% of which are Sainsburys own brand. Sainsburys success depends in wide range of quality food and grocery products, many stores offers meat and fish counters, pharmacies, coffee shop, restaurant and gas stations. Sainsburys need change in HR training system. I observe that employee of Sainsburys get training normally in the store. I would like to change training system by developing centralise training system. In this assignment I explain background to change in Sainsburys than I develop a system that involves stack holder introduction of change. After that I discuss merits and demerits of system which is use for change in Sainsburys. I use appropriate models for change in Sainsburys and finally, I implement change through this model. Background to change affecting Sainsburys Background to change that exist in todays economy Change management is plan, initiate, realize, control, and finally stabilize change processes on both, corporate and personal level. Change may cover such diverse problems as for example strategic direction or personal development programs for staff. (Oliver Recklies, 2003) Internal forces Human resource problems and prospects This problem is stem from employee perception of how they are treated at work and the match between individual and Sainsburys need and desires. The relationship between employees unmet need and job dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction is a symptom of an underlying employee problem that should be addressed. Unusual or high level of absenteeism and staff turnover also represent forces for change. Sainsburys might respond to these problems by reducing employees role conflict, overload and ambiguity and also by removing the different stressors. Positive change stem from employee participation and suggestions. Managerial Behaviour and decisions Excessive interpersonal conflict between managers and their subordinates is a sign that change is needed in Sainsburys. Both the manager and employee may need interpersonal skills training and the two individuals may simply need to be separated. For example, one of the parties might be transferred to a new department. Inappropriate behaviour shown by leaders, such as inadequate direction or support may require change in the response to these human resource problems. External forces There are four key external forces change demographic characteristics, technological advancements, market changes and social and political pressures. Demographic characteristics Demographic changes are occurring in the workforce of Sainsburys. Two key trends identified in this discussion were that: workforce is more diverse and there is a business imperative to manage diversity affectivity. They are to receive maximum contribution and commitment from employee. Technological Advancements Service organisation is increasingly using technology as a means to improve productivity and market competitiveness in Sainsburys. Companies, for instance, have automated their operation with computerised numerical control, which is used for mental cutting operations and computer aided design. Companies also use computer integrated services. This high technical process attempts to integrate product design with product design with product planning control and operations in Sainsburys. Centralise training system can develop by latest technology. Market change The emergence of a global economy is forcing Sainsburys to change the way they do business. For example, many Japanese companies have to discontinue their job for life philosophy because of increased international competition. To get competitive advantage Sainsburys can use centralise training system in department of HR. Social and Political Pressures These forces are created by social and political events in Sainsburys likewise harmful product selling give a lot of pressure to company. This pressure is being exerted through legislative bodies. Political event can create substantial change. Although, it is difficult for organisation like Sainsburys to predict changes in political forces, many organisation hire lobbyists and consultants to help them detect and response to social and political change. Bureaucracy in Sainsburys Bureaucracy is concerned with efficiency, with division of labour, with rigid chain of command, with clear distinctions and rationality. Job specialization Job specialization is the process to give particular task to the employee with limitation of performing activities. Strength Every employees of Sainsburys know their duty and area of contribution so all members of Sainsburys do specific tasks to achieve goal that given by company. This way employee gain specialisation in their job. It increases efficiency in work through repetition of job. Job specialization gives more and more expertise in work. Weakness To do repetitive work through employee can reduce overall productivity and it also prevents their knowledge and skill in Sainsburys. There is limitation to do work in employee choice. Employee got one part of skill rather than complete skill in organisation. Job specialization does not give training of all area of knowledge which reduces the confidence of employee to do other activities. Employment and career Strength It is necessary to appoint appropriate person to particular position in Sainsburys. Sainsburys have a wide range of learning and development available using variety of methods like workshops, activity and coaching training, workbooks at all. Sainsburys also recruit graduates because they need quick thinking innovators leading the business. Sainsburys offers promotion to the employee in the basis of their performance. Weakness Individuals throughout the Sainsburys are promoted to their level of incompetence and it can restrict the psychological growth of the individual in their job. Global changing environment directly effect on employment and career. Current economic situation shows that generation of new employment and career growth get harder. Rules and procedures Strength All employees know that what are Sainsburys rules and procedures which improve work efficiency. Strict rules on position qualifications and code of conduct, Sainsburys get proper information which is helps to achieve company objectives. Weakness With the help of rules give minimum level of acceptable performance in Sainsburys. Employee leads to individual and sub unit goals which replace Sainsbury objectives. It gives delay in work and employee cannot produce more productivity in work Alternative forms of organisational development Total Quality Management Quality is a difficult criterion to assess because it depends on the expectation of a product on services. Sainsburys may choose radically for qualities of their output apply Total quality management. TQM exist when the needs of the customers of Sainsburys may try to meet and communicate about these needs with its customer. Furthermore, all departments in Sainsbury need to aim for high quality, the back office departments included. Finally, quality is a continuous improvement project because quality can always be improved and it also depends on customer needs, which are frequently changing. TQM may be part of Sainsburys because TQM trough we can change in centralise training system. Kaizen Kaizen is Japanese export, and have been used worldwide. Sainsburys Membership is voluntary, and member are drawn from a particular department, No financial rewards are given for team suggestions, Members receive training in problem solving, statistical quality control and team processes, Their problem solving domain is defined by management, Meeting are held weekly, usually in company time, often with trained facilitators helping members with training issue and helping them to manage the meetings. Sainsburys may include quality improvement, quality enhancement and employee involvement. Kaizen may be part of Sainsburys, with the help of kaizen we can change centralise training system. Business Process re-engineering Sainsburys may report significant improvements in performance as a result of applying re-engineering methods. The fresh start, blank sheet approach ignores past history and current practice in favour of considering how best to structure of the Sainsburys and design work to meet the needs of todays business and customers. The process orientation also represents a departure from most traditional approaches to analysis Sainsburys. A process is simply a set of activities that delivers a product or a service to a customer. The customer of Sainsburys may be eventual user of the product or service, or it could be an internal customer the person or section responsible for the next set of activities in the overall process. BPR may be part of Sainsburys, we can use BPR to change centralise training system in Sainsburys. Learning organisation It is generally recognised that Sainsburys ability to learn is a key strategic weapon. They emphasised a range of activities that are all part of knowledge management. Learning is in its simplest form a process of retention of response patterns for subsequent use but it can also be active process of experimenting and understanding the reasons behind events. Sainsburys learning requires the institutionalisation and acceptance of knowledge spread again among the member through socialisation. Organisation needs tools for this institutionalisation process, such as communication channels, storage systems, knowledge sharing processes, storytelling at all. Sainsburys may one that proactively creates, acquires and transfer knowledge and that change its behaviour on the basis of new knowledge and insights. Learning organisation may be part of Sainsburys so we may change centralise training system with help of learning organisation in Sainsburys. System for involving other in process of change in the Sainsburys 2.1 system involve appropriate stake holders in the introduction of change A core element of the functioning of system is the interdependence between the component parts of a system. (Kelly, Ryan, Altman Stelzner, 2000) In this assignment I would like to change in HR training system and I would like to develop centralise training system in Sainsburys. To develop this system, I involve stakeholders like employee, customer, manager, line manager and management of Sainsburys. Advertisement Management give advertisement to aware about the change in centralise training system which can through employee, manager, line manager get centralise training. This centralise training will help to achieve company target and their own goal. Customers get benefit about services of Sainsburys. Advertisement is effective way to promote and get aware about change in centralise training system in Sainsburys. Employee, manager and line manager to make video add which can help to implement centralise training system in Sainsburys. Advertisement through employee, manager and line manager can aware about change in advertisement system. Print media Print media is very effective way to promote change in centralise training system. Quick turnover of newspaper is good medium to reach the customer. With magazine advertise can focus in on a specific target audience. Poster is more effective way of outdoor advertising. Employee, manager and line manager make printed paper of centralise training system change in Sainsburys. Customer can get detail printed paper. Print media through employee, manager and line manger look change in centralise system in Sainsburys. Training and development There are many problem also come forward when we introduce change so to introduce change in effective way training and development is require. Sainsburys all staff like employee, supervisor, line manager, manager need to require training to introduce change in centralise training system. Training gives more reliability toward change and it direct connected success of change. Training through employee knows benefits of change and how it directly affects the Sainsburys growth. Employee, supervisor, line manager and manager make centralise programme which help to introduce change in Sainsburys. Word of mouth The word of mouth marketing is most effective way to affect services business. Centralise training system in HR, this change involves employee, customer and manager. It is positive change in training system which gives credibility of the service. It can promote by employee can discuss about the new services of Sainsburys. It is the way to give common response from the target market. This is long term marketing method. It is more successful and cost effective selling tool. Word of mouth through employee, customer and manger hear or listen about centralise training system change in Sainsburys. Online Online marketing mainly possible uses the internet and World Wide Web. To introduce change in centralise training system company involve customer and all employee of Sainsburys. Customer and all employee make online report of change centralise training system in Sainsburys. Company use Sainsburys website to promote change in centralise training system. Sainsburys employee sends e-mail by their customer to inform new change in services. To use online classified advertisement through company reach to the people. Online through customer and all employee get online information about change in centralise training system. Meeting When employee, mangers, supervisor discuss the change in centralise training system in HR and try to find out effective way of change. It is only possible by organising meeting. Meeting through they can discuss the problems that arise to introduce change and how can we solve the problem and knows the different view about development of system. Meeting through employee can aware about change in centralise training system. Analyse and evaluate the system Advertisement Merits Advertisement helps to promote centralise training system of HR department in Sainsburys. Advertisement of change in HR system gives positive image to their customer, employee and manager. Advertisement through us can directly cover mass number of customers. Demerits Advertisement is expensive things because for advertisement need so many activities, planning and time in Sainsburys. If change is not properly promote than it gives negative feedback to all the stakeholders of Sainsburys. Print media Merits It has a general and wide appeal. It can be repeated as long as advertise desire. The effectiveness of advertisement can also be estimated. The life is such longer than life of a newspaper. The get up is more attractive and use of colours is possible. Advertisement is accessible to each class of the society. Because of large circulation, low cost advertising. Demerits It has a very short span of life. The use of colours is often not possible. Illiteracy is also affects the utility of newspaper advertising. Advance planning is necessary limited circulation of magazines. Repetitive advertising is not possible. Training and development Merits It will increased productivity and reduce employee turnover. It increased efficiency resulting in financial gains and decreased need of supervision. It will build a more efficient, effective and highly motivated team which enhance the companys competitive position and improve employee morale. It will give sense of satisfaction through the achievement of personal and Sainsburys goal. Demerits Training requires new investment, time, training programme, training place as well as trainee. Particularly in Training period, employee cannot work that who already was working for Sainsburys because they spend time on acquire training. Training and development directly effect on company financial. Word of mouth Merits Word of mouth is very important and long term marketing approach. It is also cost effective and time consuming. It gives more powerful effect to the customer and employee of Sainsburys. There is no need any kind of training and knowledge. Demerits Word of mouth sometime creates conflict between customer or employee and Sainsburys change. Word of mouth increase confusion about the change which does not provide evidence of change. It may give wrong perception of change in Sainsburys. Online Merits Online marketing is give visual and written detail of change in Sainsbury. It is time consuming and less expensive. It depends on online presentation of change in Sainsburys which give positive image to their customer, employee and manager. Demerits Online promotion through us cannot correlate all customer, employee and manager about change in Sainsburys. It only targets particular target group rather than all of them. Meeting Merits Meeting require discussion of change in Sainsburys with their employee, customer and managers. It is effective way to decrease problems as much and try to solve by meeting. Demerits It only focuses particular target group so we cannot get feedback of all to introduce change in Sainsburys. It require place to organise meeting and in meeting, cannot get clear feedback of change in Sainsburys. Implement model for ensuring on going change in Sainsburys appropriate models for change There are so many models available for change but Business process re-engineering and total quality management are more appropriate implementation model for HR training change in Sainsburys. Business process re-engineering When considering change, start with black sheet of paper and redesign from scratch. Second, advocate a process orientation to the analysis and redesign of centralise training system in Sainsburys. The fresh start, blank sheet approach ignores past history of training system and current practice in favour of considering how best structure of centralise training system in Sainsburys and design work to meet the needs of todays business and customers. BPR is not a context sensitive approach. The process orientation also represents a departure from most traditional approaches to organizational analysis. A process is simply a set of activities that delivers centralise training system to employee, manager and line manager. Employee may be the eventual user of centralise training system or it could be an internal customer the person or section responsible for the next set of activities in the overall process. This is potentially radical because it requires a horizontal analysis of work along an activities chain. A typical business process re-engineering project has four main stages: (1) Process mapping: draw a flow chart of centralise training activity sequence. (2) Identify moment of truth: decide which step are critical, add value and introduce errors. (3) Generate redesign proposals: streamline the process, avoiding duplication and overlap (4) Implementation: put the redesign into effect change in Sainsburys. Total quality management Total quality management means that the organisations culture is defined by and supports the attainment of customer satisfaction through an integrated system of tools, techniques and training. This involves the continuous improvement of organisational process, resulting in high quality product and services. To do it rights the first time to eliminate costly rework and listen to learn from customer and employees. Make continuous improvement and every day matter. Build teamwork, trust and mutual respect. Quality consultant Richard J. Schonberger sum up TQM as continuous, customer centred, employee driven improvement. TQM is necessarily employee driven because service quality cannot be continually improved without the active learning and participation of every employee. Thus, in successful quality improvement programmes, TQM principles are embedded in the organisations culture. Despite variations in the language and scope of TQM programmes, it is possible to identify four common TQM principles. Quality is a difficult criterion to assess because it depends on the expectation of a product or service. Organisations who choose radically for quality of their output apply Total Quality Management. TQM exists when the needs of customers of the organisation are heard and the organisation tries to meet and communicate about these needs with its customers. Furthermore, all departments in the organisation need to aim for high quality, the back office department included. Finally, quality is a continuous improvement project because quality can always be improved and it also depends on customer needs, which are frequently changing. implementation process and outcomes Unfreezing Sainsburys run training and development of LGV1 driver, warehouse shift manger, team manager and warehouse operation individually. There is no centralise training programme for employee so Sainsburys get difference in productivity. Sainsburys identify this problem and they do planning to introduce centralise training system with help of developing perfect training programme with the help of employee, line manager, manager and management. Sainsburys can use Business Process Re-engineering model for change in training system. Sainsburys can use special trainer to give training and with the all equipment which is necessary for training. Moving Sainsburys ready to implement centralise training system for employee. This centralise training system improve productivity of employee. Sainsburys can open centralise training different store so employee cannot get problem to take centralise training in Sainsburys. Sainsburys can make live atmosphere in centralise training place so employee can enjoy training. Centralise training through company get more efficient staff. Freezing Sainsburys implemented centralise training system after that Sainsbury can get feedback from the employee, manger, line manager and supervisor. Sainsburys gather review of centralise training system. If is there any problem or treat remain, Sainsburys can implement problem by identify solution. When Centralise training system is resolving the entire problem than centralise training system runs perfectly in Sainsburys. Sainsburys try to consolidate this centralise training programme. Outcomes Centralise training system give same quality of training to every employee in Sainsburys. Centralise training system will help to increase productivity in Sainsburys. Centralise training through get motivation in work. Employees of Sainsburys get confidence in job and do their best in job. It helps to improve managerial and leadership quality in Sainsburys. It will reduce conflict and problem of employee, manager, line manager, and supervisor in working environment. Sainsburys may achieve high quality organisation in the UK by using centralise training system. Conclusion Sainsburys is the larger retailer in UK. Sainsburys need to give better customer services in UK. It can be possible by better training programme and Sainsburys can use centralise training programme through every employee can get same training in Sainsburys. It will directly affect Company performance and productivity. With the help of centralise training system employee can get motived and employee best work can come out through training. Sainsburys knows to get better satisfaction in customer service can possible with the help of centralise training system. Centralise training system boost more confidence in employee.

This Is What It Means To Say Phoenix

This Is What It Means To Say Phoenix Sherman Alexies This Is What It Means To Say Phoenix, Arizona is one of the most fulfilling short stories of times. Victor as named in this particular story had lost a job. Immediately after this, he also received the sad news of his fathers demise from heart attack in a distant city named Phoenix, Arizona. As it turns out, he had not met his own father for a long period of time. This however does not prevent him from feeling the pain of the lose as still there was the link in the blood. The time of the occurrence being so unfair on him, he had no money with him to go over to make the necessary arrangements. It can also be seen that fireworks and cigarette form a major part of the lifestyle of the people of this neighborhood. According to the story, people who have money in excess are those selling the two commodities. He may have not been so broke anyway as his dead father had some savings which could take victor a long way in performing the necessary ceremonies and the burial. How ever, there was the challenge of getting to Phoenix to retrieve the remains which had badly rotten due to the body staying for a week in the vehicle where he died in abundance of heat before being finally found. The most final option according to him was to request for assistance from the Tribal Council of his community which was ‘ill funded (Sherman Alexies Short Stories). This particular Tribal Council had some funds always set aside to tackle problems of their community members in such situations as Victors. However, the distance between them and the city Victor wanted to travel to was so enormous that they could not afford to fund him with their reserved money. Eventually, only some one hundred American dollars could be availed to him and though it was too little, he accepts it and cashes the cheque he is given after signing the necessary papers. He had little option; he could not be assisted according to his need. Where he goes to cash his cheque, he encounters one man with a low profile in his community named Thomas Builds-the -fire or simply Thomas ‘the story teller (Sax 20). As it is written in this story, this man always talked to himself because no body ever gave attention to his stories whenever he told them. In fact in this story, a simile is used to describe him; ‘Thats like being a dentist in a town where everybody has false teeth (123HelpMe.com. 1). In this simile, the meaning as comes out is that he offers services that are not appreciated by the locals. This two had grown up together in this same neighborhood ‘childhood friends (123HelpMe.com. 1). Thomas, as usual, had something for peoples ears. From here there is a series of flashbacks about the days and times they had as children and what Thomas actually was made of. First to be mentioned is the childhood experience at about the age of seven when Thomas told a story about Peters father to his age mate Peter. He had referred to Peters daddy as being weak in that he did not want to get quality time with his own wife and children (family). He talked about the old man wanting to buy himself a motorbike and run away. In this same story, there is a flashback to a time when together they used one bicycle then aged about ten years old. Thomas was quick to surrender the bicycle to Peter his friend and cousin as they went forth to attend a fairground where they would watch the fireworks in the dark and then walk back home. This were celebrations for fourth July which was the independence of the Indians a very much fought for liberation. In this flashback, there is the mention of Junior being a very common name with the inhabitants of the reserve. There surfaces some symbolism in this remembrance that at some point during that time as they sat in the night and were attacked by mosquitoes, victor still went back to Thomas for assistance by requesting a story just like in the situation of need, only Thomas would be available to offer him help. The story told to victor by his cousin Thomas in this context more or less just brought out the realities of their lives late on when they became kind of heroes after the departure of victors daddy. They shared a common wish of being heroes at that tender age in their lives. The ‘shadows and light from streetlamps referred to here symbolizes the ups and downs that eventually they had to endure together in the course of their lives even when everybody else felt that Thomas was an insignificant person. Also when young, aged about fifteen, they had already lost their friendly touch and so they picked up a fight with literally nothing being the specific cause. A lady named Norma stopped the bitter fight because of the respect she commanded. This is also a clear reflection of Thomass life in his adult age as no one seems to take whatever he says seriously just as the other boys would stand around and watch him get a beating. The memory of their experience at the age of about twelve years old brings out a symbolic encounter in the story where Thomas saved Victor from wasps that would have otherwise badly injured or even killed him. This reflects later on in the story as it is found out that at the point of need, only Thomas is willing to come close to Victor and offer some assistance. He literally pulled his foot out the hole of wasps for Victor to escape. An even funnier memory about this story-telling friend of Peter is the attempt to fly where according to the story he managed to su stain himself in flight for about a single second without fear like other boys did. A simile is also used in describing his flying when it is said, he ‘flapped his wings like a crazy eagle. As well, it is said, ‘As real as the dirt when Thomas lost attitude and crashed to the ground. Thomas Builds-the-Fire was lonely even in his school but yet he describes himself as one who was offered the gift of telling stories. At this point it is understood that the father died in the Second World War and the mother during his birth so he never had anybody for him. Away from the memories of the lives of this two men in their past, we get to consider what they encountered together to and from Phoenix, Arizona. Thomas had foretold the departure of Victors daddy to a place far from his family and as things turn out as Victor stood at the Trading Post to cash a cheque, Thomas walked over to him and condoled him as one who knew every occurrence to do with his late father. He made claims that he got to learn about it from such communicators as birds, wind and Victors crying mother. Since Thomas was not regarded nicely by the locals of this area, many were surprised that the two were even having a conversation. Victor was to a great extend embarrassed of Thomas but much to his surprise, just to fulfill the symbolism of the wasps, Thomas offered to assist him yet again from some savings he had been making over the time. From perhaps embarrassment or mere pride, Victor was very reluctant to take the offer from his childhood friend, to the extent that he requested time to ‘think about it. According to him, they were not to be referred to as friends at this time because it had been years since they last talked. Thomas followed Victor over to his place as though he knew that he would decide to take the offer and also take Thomas with him to the place. They flew over next to one another in the plane where the social nature of Thomas is revealed. He manages to engage a white woman in a free conversation and even pulls Victor along to it as they continue which shows actually that he was an open minded person. They even perform some gymnastics as directed by the lady and talk about matters of governance. The humor displayed by Thomas continues to carry the two and their new made friend named Cathy. Victor came to acknowledge talking to people was nice and apologized to Thomas over the happenings of the fight when they were fifteen. The body was stinking and the fact that dental records were needed for the identification meant it was even harder a task than it first looked. With the understanding that there could have been some valuables in there, they had to do it. Again with his eyes, just like the usual way, closed, Thomas remembered the fallen old man as having taken him from Spoken where he was standing and cautioned him against being mugged, bought him dinner and took him home. There was a prior deal that Thomas takes care of Victor in exchange for the favor as it shows out in the memory. Respect is accorded to the dead as even a wooden box containing part of the ash from the cremated body had a hat on it while the rest in a card box had a cap on it. They then drove a long way in turns through regions devoid of life until eventually a jackrabbit appeared only to be killed by the car in what they referred to as suicide. They arrived in the morning as the tribe awoke with all that had taken them away for some time up until then. Thomas did not want the money back from Victor but rather an ear during the telling of his usual stories. The friendship could however not continue in this neighborhood. A simile is used to back up this as being, ‘As real as the ashes where the ashes symbolized Victors daddy behind the car seats. Victor only thanked Thomas with the content of cardboard box. Thomas with his usual many ideas planned to spill the ash into the water at Spokane where he said Victors father would, ‘rise like a salmon, his teeth will shine like silver, like a rainbow. All these are similes. Victor also uses another when he says, ‘I thought itd be like cleaning the attic or something. The conclusion of this story as the two part shows just how much sometimes people reject good people because of pressure from others (Ariana 10). Victor had a debt to pay, listen to stories. Works Cited Richard, Sax. This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona. Magills Survey of American Literature, Revised Edition. Salem Press, 2007. Ariana, Todd. â€Å"This is what it means to say Phoenix, Arizona.† 2008. 123HelpMe.com. Conflict in This is What it Means to say Phoenix, Arizona. 7th May 2010. . Kelly, Jermaine. â€Å"Conflict Within The Mind† 2007. â€Å"Sherman Alexies Short Stories† 7th May 7, 2010. ,

Concentration Camps Essay -- essays research papers

A concentration camp is where prisoners of war, enemy aliens, and political prisoners are detained and confined, typically under harsh conditions, or place or situation characterized by extremely harsh conditions. The first concentration camps were established in 1933 for confinement of opponents of the Nazi Party. The supposed opposition soon included all Jews, Gypsies, and certain other groups. By 1939 there were six camps: Dachau, Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Mauthausen, Flossenburg, and Ravensbruck. Auschwitz Auschwitz, or Auschwitz-Birkenau, is the best-known of all Nazi death camps, though Auschwitz was just one of six extermination camps. It was also a labor concentration camp, extracting prisoners' value from them, in the form of hard labor, for weeks or months. Auschwitz was the end of the line for millions of Jews, gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other innocents. Some spend almost two years in this most infamous of concentration camps. The average prisoner only survived eight weeks in Auschwitz. Some learned the ins and outs of survival in Auschwitz. Auschwitz was the largest concentration and extermination camp constructed in the Third Reich. Located 37 miles west of Krakow, Poland, Auschwitz was home to both the greatest number of forced laborers and deaths. The history of the camp began on April 27, 1940 when Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS and Gestapo, ordered the construction of the camp in northeast Silesia, a region captured by the Nazis in September 1939. The camp was built by three-hundred Jewish prisoners from the local town of Oswiecim and its surrounding area. In June of 1940 the camp opened for Polish political prisoners. By 1941 there were about 11,000 prisoners, most of whom were Polish. From May 1940 to the end of 1943, Rudolf Hess was head commander of Auschwitz. Under his leadership, Auschwitz quickly became known as the harshest prison camp in the Nazi regime. Polish prisoners were forced to stand at attention for roll call for hours on end naked in the cold, snowy tundra of Polish winter. Following its first year of existence, Heinrich Himmler visited Auschwitz and told Hess that its labor resource was to be expanded to 100,000 prisoners, making it one of the largest of the concentration camps. In order to accommodate this many people, a second, much larger, section of Auschwitz (Auschwit... ...as chambers built in nearby Hartheim castle. Forced labor in SS Stone Works and Messerschmidt aircraft factory. 120,000 people killed. Ravensbruck: Created on May 15, 1939. First Commandant: Max Koegel. 70,000 inmates at peak. 107,000 inmates passed through. Used for killing sick prisoners and for medical experiments on Jewish women, especially sterilization. Forced labor for Siemens corporation. Sachsenhausen: Created on April 23, 1936. First Commandant: Herman Baranowski. 35,000 inmates at peak. 135,000 people passed through camp. Separate sub-camps for Jews, political prisoners, homosexuals, draft evaders, etc. Contained gas chamber and crematorium. Used for mass murder of 11,000 Soviet POW's. Forced labor for Heinkel aircraft works. 30-35,000 total deaths. Crematorium II: Functioned as a homicidal gas chamber and incineration installation from 15th March 1943, before its officially coming into service on March 31st, to November 27th, 1944, annihilating a total of approximately 400,000 people. Most of them Jewish women, children and old men. Crematorium III: Was used in similar fashion from June 25th 1943 to November 27th ,1944, killing about 350,000 victims.