What Is the Feminist Perspective of Isabella Essay Example

What Is the Feminist Perspective of Isabella Essay Elliot saying of her although highly strung in temperament, [Isabella] was a woman of great character and determination, she knew her own mind. I would therefore hypothesis that the feminist perspective of Isabella would be favorable and as a great woman of history. Lies portrays Isabella as a woman who knows exactly what she is doing and all her actions are purposeful and done to benefit her Interests. She saw Isabella as very aware of her Limitations as a female and thus presented herself and Ferdinand as equals to strengthen her Queens, hence Glenn It more power. Lies sees Isabella as a woman who was very pious and acted In many situations, such as the Reconstitutes of Granddad and the many other holy wars she embarked on, because she believed It was the will of god. Isabella used holy wars to justify her reign and enhance her power regularly, as was the situation when she declared war against Portugal, her piety and belief this was gods wish bought the We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Feminist Perspective of Isabella specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Feminist Perspective of Isabella specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Feminist Perspective of Isabella specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Castling churches support and this was a key factor in her triumphing over the Archbishop of Toledo and Portugal. Lies believes that Isabella I of Castle is a global figure who has and shall continue to outlast her time period, she is still revered in many places in modern society-this is especially so in Spain. Heisenberg gives another feminist perspective on Isabella, one which is less favorable. Heisenberg argues that she gives herself such a heroic reputation by editing the chronicles and therefore portraying herself as a strong woman, miscalculating herself, and missing Henry IV-her predecessor- making her seem Spains rescuer. Isabella diminishes Henry greatly, depicting him as a monster, insinuating that he had Illicit relationships with Bellman De la Guava and Joanna of Portugal and that he Was not all man. Pelican is a chronicler which Heisenberg brings to attention, he became uncomfortable with writing the chronicles with rose tinted spectacles and began to write for Ferdinand, he contradicts what most of chronicles of the time say and Insults women. He describes women as weak creatures prompted by desire, that they were masters of deception and pretence, Indirectly insulting Isabella and dismissing all the writings of her being a strong independent ruler. The fact that Heisenberg has Introduced this alternate view on Isabella shows how she does not fully agree that Isabella was a picture perfect queen, as the majority of chronicles would have you believe. On the contrary, another chronicler Vulgar consistently wrote In favor of Isabella pronouncing her as willful, strong and controlling by her own discretion. Hellbender still considers these two pollens and looks at other evidence that shows of how Isabella attempted to change peoples Image of her, for example she carried an unsheathed sword ahead of her at her coronation, a phallic symbol, which again masculine her to give her more power and respect from those whom she ruled over, such as the Cortes, and her enemies to show her strength. Isabella is said to have patriarchal views of authority and centralism, and as such had to portray herself as a masculine figure, capable of ruling a country and leading it to victory and loggers seems to ample Isolable never seen appears to Delves much success. Of the empowering, admirable characteristics of her were either emphasized or completely fabricated in chronicles edited by her to ensure she was remembered with respect and admiration. Both Lies and Heisenberg have similarities in their views, both agreeing that Isabella edited the chronicles, however Heisenberg seems to think they were more than altered slightly to give a more favorable view. Linked to this they also believe that she was clearly wise in the way of image making, both in he chronicles and in her time period she altered her image to ensure people thought of her as she wished. Isabella piety is reflected in both of their views, both proclaiming that she imitated both Mary and John the Baptist-believing she had Gods favor. They are also undisputed in the conviction that she had to beat the Archbishop of Toledo in order to become successful. Personally I believe that, like Lies, Isabella was successful and had very admirable qualities and that she was indeed pious. However I do think that although she may have believed that she was doing Gods will in some cases such as the Reconstitutes, the war against Portugal and the Archbishop of Toledo I believe she claimed it was a holy war to gain support in a strongly Roman Catholic Spain as she was a very tactile, intelligent woman. I agree with Heisenberg that she was continuously trying to portray herself as masculine to give her more control and power. I am unanimous with Heisenberg and Lies that Isabella did edit the chronicles to seem more favorable to her.

Free Essays on Lord Of The Rings

Biography of J.R.R. Tolkien A recent poll of British readers revealed Tolkiens â€Å"Lord of the Rings†Ã¢â‚¬  to be their overwhelming choice as the all time favorite book. Tolkiens epic journey has been enjoyed by, young and old readers, than any comparable settle books. Though of stinging criticism of our cultural decadence, this is also a tribute to something morally and religiously pure in Tolkiens work. John Ronald Reuel Tolkein was born in South Africa in 1892. Tolkien is actually a Dutch name but his parents were partly Dutch. Tolkiens dad like many other young English men migrated to the British colony. But Tolkien’s mother was unhappy living so far away from home and in such circumstances. She had returned to England to give birth to her second son, Hilary, when Ronald was only three. Their father contracted yellow fever and before his wife, Mabel, could return to Africa to care for him, he died. Therefore she was left a widow Faced with the task of raising two young sons of her own. Mrs.Tolkien returned to Birmingham to undertake take task of renting a cheap cottage on the edge of the ugly industrial city in a village called Sarehole Mill. Tolkien and his family were vacationing on the beach in corn well when they met on the who was known for swapping gossip and giving advice and issuing forth with wisdom. They named him Gamgee and he now is part of the familys lore. Mable Suffield Tolkien was skilled in penmanship and knew Latin Greek and French.She taght both disciplines to her sons, so that young Ronald can read and write proficiently before she was four .She sought about all to give her son a catholic upbringing at great personal cost and she relocated herself next door to Birmingham Oratory, a large catholic retreated house located in a suburb Edgbaston. Tolkien’s daugher Priscilla assured him when he visited in her Oxford home during June of 1988, that is rigorously religious upbringing turned her father into... Free Essays on Lord Of The Rings Free Essays on Lord Of The Rings J.R.R. Tolkien is demonstrating effective ways for ordinary citizens in our world today to accomplish goals that almost seem impossible. By greatly emphasizing the importance of teamwork, individual strengths, and the will power to overcome setbacks, Tolkien is expressing to his readers what we must do to stand up to terrorism and continue being the leader in world affairs. The Fellowship understands the power of the ring and realize they have to work together as a team to bring the ring back to Mordor to get it destroyed. Since no single person is strong or smart enough to bring the ring back to Mordor on their own, a team is essential. A team is important for this mission because if one member of the team can no longer perform his role, the rest of the team can still go on. For example, the great warrior Boromir was killed, but the Fellowship could still rely on Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli to protect them on their journey. The same concept applies today; the United States cannot destroy terrorism in the world on our own. We have to get other countries to help fight with us. From President Bush’s persuasion, Great Britain sent troops and supplies to Iraq. France is providing money to help reconstruct Afghanistan, and less powerful countries like Morocco, Indonesia, and the Philippines have vowed to choke off terrorist financing. As the United States fights terrorism now, our supporters continue to grow as they see the triumph of good over evil. Each member of the Fellowship has their own individual strength that they contribute to the team in order to make it successful. The Fellowship realizes each others weaknesses and rely on each others strengths to reach a common goal. Frodo was allowed to actually hold the ring because the Fellowship realized that Hobbits are not seeking power and glory but that they desire a peaceful life back at their home, the shire. A Hobbit’s strength is its humbleness and their desire fo... Free Essays on Lord Of The Rings Fellowship of Rings The Fellowship of the Ring (the lord of the rings part I) -CHARACTERS- Frodo Baggins - The main , a hobbit of exceptional character. He inherits the Ring from Bilbo and thus becomes the Ringbearer of the Fellowship. He is also an Elf-friend, knowledgeable in their language and a lover of their songs. Like Bilbo (or any other good hobbit) he loves good food and simple comforts, but he also has a strange, higher quality about him. Sauron (also known as the Dark Lord) - The main . A servant of Morgoth (the Great Enemy), he took his master's place after the First Age. At the time of The Fellowship of the Ring, he has reestablished himself in Mordor and is preparing to launch a war on the West. He greatly desires the One Ring, which he created long ago and which holds a great part of his power. Gandalf - One of the five great wizards in Middle-Earth, second in his order only to Saruman. Known to the hobbits only as a creator of fine fireworks, he is actually powerful beyond their imagination. His great task is the War of the Ring, and he is essential in keeping the Ring out of 's hands; but he falls in Moria, before his time. Until then he is the leader of the Fellowship. Aragorn (also known as Strider) - The heir of Isildur, one of the few Men left on Middle-Earth from the great race of Numenor. Before the coming of the Ring he lives as a Ranger in the North, protecting the Shire and other lands from servants of the Enemy. The War of the Ring is his destined time to come forth from obscurity. He leads the Fellowship after 's fall. Sam Gamgee - Friend and gardener of . Although he is not the brightest of hobbits, he sees some things that the truly wise overlook. Most importantly, he is a stubborn and valuable companion and friend to Frodo. He is a member of the Fellowship. Elrond Halfelven - The Master of Rivendell, the Last Homely House. He is descended from a Man and an Elfthus "Ha... Free Essays on Lord Of The Rings Biography of J.R.R. Tolkien A recent poll of British readers revealed Tolkiens â€Å"Lord of the Rings†Ã¢â‚¬  to be their overwhelming choice as the all time favorite book. Tolkiens epic journey has been enjoyed by, young and old readers, than any comparable settle books. Though of stinging criticism of our cultural decadence, this is also a tribute to something morally and religiously pure in Tolkiens work. John Ronald Reuel Tolkein was born in South Africa in 1892. Tolkien is actually a Dutch name but his parents were partly Dutch. Tolkiens dad like many other young English men migrated to the British colony. But Tolkien’s mother was unhappy living so far away from home and in such circumstances. She had returned to England to give birth to her second son, Hilary, when Ronald was only three. Their father contracted yellow fever and before his wife, Mabel, could return to Africa to care for him, he died. Therefore she was left a widow Faced with the task of raising two young sons of her own. Mrs.Tolkien returned to Birmingham to undertake take task of renting a cheap cottage on the edge of the ugly industrial city in a village called Sarehole Mill. Tolkien and his family were vacationing on the beach in corn well when they met on the who was known for swapping gossip and giving advice and issuing forth with wisdom. They named him Gamgee and he now is part of the familys lore. Mable Suffield Tolkien was skilled in penmanship and knew Latin Greek and French.She taght both disciplines to her sons, so that young Ronald can read and write proficiently before she was four .She sought about all to give her son a catholic upbringing at great personal cost and she relocated herself next door to Birmingham Oratory, a large catholic retreated house located in a suburb Edgbaston. Tolkien’s daugher Priscilla assured him when he visited in her Oxford home during June of 1988, that is rigorously religious upbringing turned her father into...

Risk management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Risk management - Assignment Example Hacking is the term, which refers to intrusion in a computer system or a whole computer network in order to exploit the data or information for any possible purpose. Hacking is an illegal activity in which a computer system or network is being accessed by external sources. Hackers have several prominent reasons for which the activity of hacking occurs. These reasons include financial benefits, industrial espionage, and online extortion and challenge (Pankaj, 2005). There are several categories of hacking which are listed below: White Hat: Hackers attempts to break security systems for testing purposes, which are non-malicious (Graves, 2007). Blue Hat: hackers are external intruders who aim to test a security system before its launch (Graves, 2007). Black Hat: hackers are intruders who break security for personal reasons or gain (Graves, 2007). Grey Hat: hackers voluntarily breech the network security to inform about the weaknesses to the host (Graves, 2007). Elite Hacker: is consider ed to be the most skilled hackers (Graves, 2007). Hacktivist: aims to announce a political, social or religious proposal through hacking (Graves, 2007). Nation State: are official hackers who are officials of intelligence or cyber warfare operatives (Graves, 2007). Introduction As the overall background and description of hacking has been stated in the previous paragraph, the aim of this report will be stated in this heading. The potential risk of hacking is intrinsically associated with any organization, which is based upon computer networking. In contemporary times, all of the organizations utilize the technology of networking in any industry or business, but there are several businesses, which are entirely based upon computer networking. Most of these organizations are service providers and most of the official occurrences for these organizations are dealt online. From all of these organizations, Sony is a prominent corporation, which do not only provide services, but it has prod uced several electronic products for entertainment. Out of this vast range of products, which have been produced by Sony, PlayStation is one of the most successful products. However, in 2011, Sony had to come across with an intensely grave IT problem, which was caused by external intrusion, by hackers. This incident caused a great loss to the company, not only in monetary terms, but also in terms of popularity and reputation. The incident is known as Sony Network Outage in which Sony had to turn off the whole PlayStation network for several days. This report is aimed to analyse the Sony Network Outage with respect to the seven stages risk management cycle. It will also present a brief explication of each step regarding the problem faced by Sony. Sony Network Outage 2011 It was in April 2011 when Sony Playstation Network got down. Approximately 77 million user s’ accounts of Sony Network got hacked. The accounts were actually seized, preventing the users to access Sony’ s online web services (Peckham, 2011). The accounts were stolen and the hackers retrieved the personal identification information of the users. It was an attack of three days and after that Sony shutdown its network on April 20, 2011. The attack lasted for 24 days keeping Sony network under the control of the hackers. The risk assessors claimed out that it is one the largest security breaches the company has ever faced. It was something, which really brought

Rhetorical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rhetorical - Essay Example In the course of this paper I will examine the rhetoric employed by Nathan Comp in his article entitled â€Å"An End to the War on Weed?† This article suggests that recent changes indicate the status quo with regards to the criminalization of marijuana may soon be at an end. Logos is an important aspect of Comp's argument. He wants to present his argument as eminently reasonable and the alternative to it as foolish. He presents many facts about the status quo which suggest that it is not working. He argues that there is a â€Å"growing sense that America’s marijuana policy is more harmful than the plant itself . . .† However, his reasoning is a bit simplistic. If the status quo is defective, simply remove the laws creating it, he says, and everything will be solved. This argument is a bit childish. As suggested below, legalizing marijuana does not solve the crime problems relating to other drugs. He argues that voters no longer seem to care that presidents have a dmitted to using marijuana. That is an important fact, but all presidents have said it is a negative thing and none support its legalization. If voters were to elect a stoner as president that might be more definitive. The suggestion is frequently made that marijuana is safer than alcohol, but again little evidence is used to support this claim. Experts are quoted saying: â€Å"The problem is that people still have a perception of harm that’s been built up over many years . . . If marijuana were legalized tomorrow, in 10 years these perceptions would be very, very different.† This is pure supposition and not logic. The evidence is divided on this issue. Nevertheless, this effort to appeal to authority sounds convincing and is useful logos. A great example of Comp employing ethos to recommend his argument is when he speaks about the Obama administration's potential backtracking on a liberalized regime towards marijuana. Comp does not believe these actions mean much. He writes, â€Å"to paraphrase Victor Hugo, not even the strongest government in the world can stop an idea whose time has apparently come.† This is a useful quote as it appeals to idealism and faith. It suggests that the people are opposed to the government and that the people have right on their side. By quoting Hugo, Comp sounds more credible, more classical, and more authoritative. This is a good example of using rhetorical ethos to make a point. The paraphrase is slipped into the argument but helps set a persuasive tone. The ethos Comp wants to communicate through this paper is one in which those who support legalization are pragmatists and progressives, and those who oppose it are retrograde and careless. This is a moral issue for Comp. The two sides are divided between good and bad. Pathos is as much a part of Comp's argument as any other rhetorical technique. He tries to frighten the reader into believing in his view on legalizing marijuana. Describing the situation in M exico, he writes that arguments for legalization â€Å"have taken on unusual gravity over the last year, as drug-fueled violence along the Mexican side of border has excited fears that the carnage and mayhem will spill over into American cities. Testifying before a House panel in March, a top Homeland Security official warned that the cartels now represent America’s largest organized-crime threat, having infiltrated at least 230 American cities.† He presumes that these facts support the argument for legalization,

Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Love - Essay Example ‘It was our old times when true love was found on this plant, the current generation has no idea of what true love is’ my grandfather used to say that. But love actually is the greatest of all powers on this plant and with the ability to identify and care, one can find love anywhere on this planet in form of love form family, love for their own selves and love for a woman. Love for family is usually the most commonly found kind of love. It is the love that exists between the members of a family. This kind of love is identified when the members of a family tend to take care of each other, make sacrifices and provide with basic necessities of life to each other. Love for family keeps the family together and can be regarded as the main pillar of our social life. It is also the love for one’s family that makes one of the founding stones of a community since families are what make communities survive. Love for one’s self is the second kind of love that exists in this world. People who usually express this kind of love are labeled selfish in today’s world but actually it is this love that helps them survive and progress. Love for one’s self does not mean being selfish and not taking care of others at all but, it means giving enough time to one’s self, to take care of one’s self, maintaining hygiene, eating healthy food and spending money to look good. Staying happy is an important way to express love for one’s self. Love for a woman, often misunderstood as the only kind of love in this world is actually a kind of love. It Is an important component of a person’s married life and a necessity for marriage to continue. If there is no love for the woman there would be no marriage. It is the most complicated kind of love and usually the most difficult to live up to. In a nutshell, love for a woman is not the only kind of love that exists in the world. Love can exist in any shape such as love for God,

Distinction between British and American Romanticism

Distinction between British and American Romanticism ‘Distinction between British and American Romanticism’ INTRODUCTION The Romantic Movement was first originated in Germany, quickly reached England, France, and afar, it spread in America roughly during 1820, some twenty years after William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge had transfigured English poetry by bringing out Lyrical Ballads. In America as in Europe, fresh new visualization exhilarated inventive and intellectual groups. However there was a significant distinction that was that Romanticism in America coexisted along with the phase of nationwide growth and the invention of an idiosyncratic American voice. The solidification of a national individuality/identity and the enthusiasm of Romanticism and surging idealism cherished the masterworks of the American Renaissance. Romantic designs were based on art as encouragement, the religious and aesthetic aspect of natural world, and metaphors of natural development. Romantics argued Art, rather than science, possibly will best convey universal reality. The Romantics emphasized the significance of communicative art for the society and individual. Romanticism was assenting and suitable for most American creative essayists and poets. Americas deserts, tropics and vast mountains personified the magnificent. The Romantic spirit appeared mostly appropriate to American democratic system: It affirmed the worth of the ordinary individual, looked to the inspired imagination for its ethical and aesthetic values and emphasized individualism. Unquestionably the New England Transcendentalists – Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and their associates – were enthused to a new hopeful assertion by the Romantic Movement. In New England, Romanticism fell upon fertile soil. LITERARY REVIEW Northrop Frye, Introduction to  Romanticism Reconsidered: The anti-romantic movement, which in Britain and America Followed the Hulme-Eliot-Pound broadsides of the early twenties, is now over and done with, and criticism has got its sense of literary tradition properly in focus again. (v) Harold Bloom,  The Visionary Company  (1961): Wordsworths Imagination is like Wallace Stevens angel surrounded by peasants: not an angel of heaven, but the necessary angel of earth, as, in its sight, we see the earth again, but cleared; and in its hearing we hear the still sad music of humanity, its tragic drone, rise liquidly . . . . For Wordsworth the individual Mind and the external World are exquisitely fitted, each to each other, even as man and wife, and with blended might they accomplish a creation the meaning of which is fully dependent upon the sexual analogy; they give to us a new heaven and a new earth blended into an apocalyptic unity that is simply the matter of common perception and common sexuality raised to the freedom of its natural power. (127) Harold Bloom, ed.,  Romanticism and Consciousness  (1970): [T]he central spiritual problem of Romanticism is the difficult relation between nature and consciousness, and its prime historical problem the relation between changing concepts of nature and the French Revolution. The leading formal problem results directly from tehse psiritual and historical stimuli, and is a problem of innovations in literary form : in questions of aesthetic theory, verbal mode, verse forms and metrics, and the new genres or modifications of genre that appeared. (147) M. H. Abrams,  Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature  (1973): [The Prospectus] was probably written at some time between 1800 and 1806. . . . A decade or so later, in the Preface to The Excursion (1814), Wordsworth still chose to reprint this radical statement of his poetic intentions. . . . [In it, Wordsworth reveals his belief that], in the line of inspired British poets (what Harold Bloom has called the Visionary Company), he has been elected as the successor to Milton. . . . (20-22) Here, in short, is Wordsworths conception of his poetic role and his great design. The author, though a transitory Being, is the latest in the line of poets inspired by the prophetic Spirit, and as such has been granted a Vision (lines 97-8) which sanctions his claim to outdo Miltons Christian story in the scope and audacious novelty of his subject. The vision is that of the awesome depths and height of the human mind, and of the power of that mind as in itself adequate, by consummating a holy marriage with the external universe, to create out of the world of all of us, in a quotidian and recurrent miracle, a new world which is the equivalent of paradise. (28) Jerome McGann, Rethinking Romanticism (ELH1992): Until about ten years ago scholars of romanticism generally accepted Rene Welleks classic modern definition of their subject: Imagination for the view of poetry, nature for the view of the world, and symbol and myth for poetic style. . . . Today that synthesis has collapsed and debate about theory of romanticism is vigorous from cultural studies, feminist scholarship, [etc.] . . . . Between 1978 and 1983, . . . . I worked to clarify the distinction between the romantic period (that is, a particular historical epoch) and romanticism (that is, a set of cultural/ideological formations that came to prominence during the romantic period). The distinction is important not merely because so much of the work of that period is not romantic, but even more, perhaps, because the period is notable for its many ideological struggles. A romantic ethos achieved dominance through sharp cultural conflict . . . . (735) Marjorie Levinson,  Wordsworths Great Period Poems  (1986) A new word is abroad these days in Wordsworth scholarship`historicistand the adjective carries distinctly heterodox overtones. What is thereby refused is an idealizing interpretive model associated with Harold Bloom, Geoffrey Hartman, Paul de Man, and even M. H. Abrams. At the same time, historicist critique distinguishes its interests and method from historical scholarship, or from the researches and argumentation of David Erdman, Carl Woodring, E. P. Thompson. More specifically, a number of works published over the last three years position themselves as demystifications of Romanticist readings as well as of Romantic poems. They use history, or sociopolitical reconstruction, to resist the old control of Yale. However, insofar as they repudiate the empiricist, positivist concept of historical fact, in that they focus textual antinomy and erasure rather than manifest theme and achieved form, and in that they use their historical remove with conscious opportunism, these works are deep ly of the devils party. Anne K. Mellor,  Romanticism and Gender  (1993): What difference does gender make to our understanding of British literary Romanticism? . . . Whether we interpret British literary Romanticism as a commitment to imagination, vision and transcendence, as did Meyer Abrams, Harold Bloom and John Beer, or as a questioning, even systematic demystification, of the very possibility of a linguistically unmediated vision, as have Geoffrey Hartman, Paul de Man and host of others, or as an ideology located in specific political and social events, as urged by Carl Woodring, Jerome McGann and the school of new historical Romanticists inspired by their work, or as a complex configuration derived from all of these recent critical approaches, we nonetheless have based our constructions of British Romanticism almost exclusively upon the writings and thought of six male poets (Wordsworth, Coleridge, Blake, Byron, Shelley and Keats). What happens to our interpretations of Romanticism if we focus our attention on the numerous women writers who produced at least half of the literature published in England between 1780 and 1830? . . . . [T]here were over 200 publishing women poets and at least as many novelists, as well as several playwrights, essayists, memoirists and journalists. . . . This book can only attempt an initial, exploratory mapping of this new literary terrain . . . . But even a cursory, introductory survey reveals significant differences between the thematic concerns, formal practices, and ideological positions of male and female Romantic writers. . . . [F]or the most part, . . . women Romantic writers tended to celebrate, not the achievements of the imagination nor the overflow of powerful feelings, but rather the workings of the rational mind, a mind relocatedin a gesture of revolutionary gender implicationsin the female as well as the male body. (1-2) RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Started in Europe, toward the end of the eighteenth century, Romanticismwas an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement and was at its zenith, in most areas, in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was partly a reaction to theIndustrial Revolution. In the early nineteenth century The European Romantic movement reached America. American Romanticism was just as individualistic and versatile as it was in Europe. Just like the Europeans, the American Romantics also revealed a great level of moral enthusiasm, assurance to individualism and the disclosing of the self, an emphasis on instinctive awareness/perception, as well as the supposition that the natural world was intrinsically good, whilst human society was filled with corruption. The 18th and 19th centuries Romanticism presents wide range in content, style and theme than any other era in English Literature. In England, Romanticism had its immense influence from the end of the 18th century up through about 1870. It’s most important medium of expression was in poetry, though writers espoused many of the similar themes. The Romantic Movement was slightly postponed and moderated, in America, holding sway over arts and letters from around 1830 up to the Civil War. Dissimilar to the English model, American literature supported the novel as the most appropriate genre for Romanticism’s elucidation. In a general sense, Romanticism can be considered as an adjective which is pertinent to the literature of almost any time period. Keeping this in consideration, anything from the Homeric epics to present dime novels can be supposed to bear the stamp of Romanticism. In spite of such universal disagreements over manipulation, there are several conclusive and widespread declarations one can construct concerning the nature of the Romantic Movement in both America and England. METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED In America there was no intense reformist propensity to establish the type of conspiratorial socialism that appeared in Europe. Alternatively, Romanticism in America obtained its own individual approach from the strong bequest of seventeenth century mutinous Puritanism, which was a strict Calvinist type of Protestantism. A philosophy of individuality with the exceptional American frontier was developed by American Romantics. American settlers experienced a sense of blessedness in the new territory. James Fenimore Cooper romanticized the independence of frontier civilization in past anecdotes, for instance, The Last of the Mohicans written in 1826. Herman Melville wrote Moby Dick which manifested a moral vagueness in the American psyche i.e. a clash among the â€Å"mystical blackness† and pioneering free will of Puritan principle. American Romanticism was mostly about social relevance and individualism in that everyone was supposed to have an opportunity to make best use of the ir own value. With Emerson glancing inside to discover godly spirit, which he asserts we all share in common, as well as Emily Dickinson not going â€Å"public† by issuing her poetry, American Romanticism is definitely dissimilar to European in every artist. American Romanticism developed from a frontier that undertook chance for growth, freedom, expansion, while Europe did not have this component. The strength of hopefulness invoked by the assurance of an unexplored frontier was represented in numerous works of art of American Romanticism. Colonization to America produced new outlooks and cultures to the American Romanticism. Augmentation of manufacturing sector in the north that further polarized the agrarian South and the north plus search for new religious cores impacted the American Romanticism and made it noticeably different from European Romanticism.

Gender Bias in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Gender Bias in Othello  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello is an unfortunate example of gender bias, of sexism which takes advantage of women. The three women characters in the drama are all, in their own ways, victims of men’s skewed attitudes regarding women. Let us delve into this topic in this essay.    Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine comment in the Introduction to Shakespeare: Othello that sexism is a big factor   in the play:    At this point in our civilization the play’s fascination and its horror may be greater than ever before because we have been made so very sensitive to the issues of race, class, and gender that are woven into the texture of Othello. [. . .] The issue of gender is especially noticeable in the final scenes of the play – with the attacks on Bianca, Emilia, and Desdemona – which are vivid reminders of how terrible the power traditionally exerted by men over women can be. (xiii-xiv)    In the opening scene, while Iago is expressing his hatred for the general Othello for his having chosen Michael Cassio for the lieutenancy, he contrives a plan to partially avenge himself (â€Å"I follow him to serve my turn upon him†), with Roderigo’s assistance, by alerting Desdemona’s father, Brabantio, to the fact of his daughter’s elopement with Othello: â€Å"Call up her father, / Rouse him: make after him, poison his delight [. . .].† Implied in this move is the fact of a father’s assumed control over the daughter’s choice of a marriage partner. Brabantio’s admonition to Roderigo implicitly expresses the same message:    The worser welcome:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have charged thee not to haunt about my doors:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In honest plainness thou hast heard me say   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My daughter is not for th... ...on: Twayne Publishers, 1985.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Mowat, Barbara A. and Paul Werstine, ed. Introduction. Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Washington Square Press, 1993.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.   

Comprehensive School Counseling Project: A Proposal

Educational reform is shaped by the commitment to provide optimum learning environments that will guarantee academic success for all students. A shift in the counseling program is introduced by the comprehensive school counseling model recognizing the significant roles counselors can play in maximizing potentials and achievement in every child. According to the American School Counseling Association (ASCA 1997), school counselors must aid schools to â€Å"focus on academic achievement, prevention and intervention activities, advocacy and social/ emotional, and career development† (Dahir, Hardy, Ford & Morrissey, 2005). The model provides â€Å"content, process and accountability methods† (Dahir et al. , 2005) that will help school counselors design programs to address the needs of the student population based on the information or data gathered. As expressed by Bilzing (1997), â€Å"random acts of guidance are no longer acceptable in 21st century schools† (as cited in Dahir et al. , 2005, p. 3). The major departure from the traditional approach in school counseling is the use of research as the basis for the design of a counseling program. From a service driven model, transformed counseling programs operate on a data-driven and standards-based model. In addition to counseling, consultation and coordination roles, counselors participate in advocacy, collaborative and team work, data-driven and results-oriented initiatives, and technology-based programs. Counselors work closely with other teaching and school staff to ensure that â€Å"every student benefits directly from the school counseling program† (Dahir et al. , 2005). Adopting a comprehensive counseling approach in school increases its propensity to address challenges of students and equip them with skills to face the changing demands of society. The research-based approach allows its continuous evolution based on data gathered so academic and psychosocial programs are created to address specific areas. The comprehensive counseling model has been found to increase student attendance and completion rates while decreasing suspension rates. Violence prevention interventions have also been established as a product of the approach. It is able to â€Å"address the needs of students in low performing schools and schools in crisis by using research based techniques to overcome the barriers such students face† (Dahir et al. 2005). Comprehensive counseling programs in school are able to deal with the specific factors that are affecting student achievement. â€Å"Professional development is an important supporting activity in the implementation of comprehensive developmental school counseling programs† (Dahir et al. , 2005). The involvement of other members in the school becomes beneficial to their personal and professiona l enhancement. Furthermore, the program has also been extended to involve parents. The information gathered from research â€Å"show the strengths and weaknesses of children, how the school counselor is meeting the student’s needs, what areas the student needs to focus on to succeed, and incorporate the home support in all domains of the program† (Dahir et al. , 2005). It is gradually becoming a positive agent for improvements in the environment that surrounds the student — home, school and community. Review of Literature There is a general agreement that most of the nation’s problem is best addressed through prevention and proactive intervention. Thompson (2002) highlights the fact that â€Å"educational, political, and economic trends, as well as the critical needs of today’s youth, are redefining the role and function of the professional school counselor†. Furthermore, in a society where diversity is becoming a rule rather than an exception, â€Å"school counselors have come to represent a reservoir of stability and congruency of information† (Thompson, 2002). This can only be achieved through research-based approach to program design and following a developmental model of program implementation. It is the comprehensive counseling program which follows an inclusive model, being able to cater to all students within varying developmental needs. What is the best intervention that will work? This is perhaps one, if not the most, daunting question of school counselors. Until recently, psychological and counseling models were the primary sources of information. The advent of evidenced-based school counseling however, is providing a brighter direction for school counselors as well as decreasing the margin of error for the choice of intervention. Sexton, Schofield, and Whitson (1997) have argued that â€Å"the use of existing outcome research to guide both training and practice can help ensure that professional activities reflect best practices and are consistent with each other† (qtd. in Dimmitt, Carey, & Hatch, 2007, p. 3). The comprehensive school counseling model therefore, by adopting an evidenced-base approach, increases the integrity and validity of the program implemented. Further support for the crucial role of the counselor and the benefits of using empirical data in program design is provided in the literature review conducted by White and Kelly (2010). They focused on how the comprehensive counseling program can address the problem of school dropout. The approach is able to impact both risk-reduction and protective factors of potential dropouts. â€Å"The role that school counselors can play in helping to prevent school dropout is substantial and could ultimately enhance not only student outcomes, but also the trajectory of the profession of school counseling† (White & Kelly, 2010). Evidence has shown that absenteeism and tardiness, unless properly addressed, will lead to increased student difficulty and drop-outs. Counselors are challenged to proactively seek ways to provide early interventions for prevention. Another accountability of the counselor was discussed in the study by Wachter, Villalba and Brunelli (2007). The article highlights the academic and personal-social needs of students with ethnic backgrounds, particularly Latino(a) children in southeastern U. S. The results show that there is â€Å"a wide array of academic and cultural factors impacting student learning and development, in addition to a diverse collection of school-based interventions† (Wachter et al. 2007). The participants were also concerned with the â€Å"understanding gap† that affects the communication and perceptions between the Latino homes and the schools, which among other factors, impedes their academic success. It is the counselor’s responsibility to help close this gap by learning about the students’ culture to better understand their needs and help them achieve their goals. The hi gh incident rate of bullying in schools is a major and grave issue that is consistently facing school counselors. Young, Hardy, Hamilton, Biernesser, and Niebergall (2009) describes how data was used to provide a comprehensive counseling program to address bullying and harassment incidents in school. â€Å"As a result, the school counselors began to routinely and systematically track and use data to transform their counseling services† (Young et al. , 2009). The program allowed them to measure outcomes and if significant differences were attained due to the program implementation. So far, the studies previously discussed emphasized the role of the counselor in improving the psycho-social well-being of students. Accountability, however, is encompassing and includes achievement scores in academic subjects. Luck and Webb (2009) compared the achievement outcomes of the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test of Grades 4-5 students who participated and did not take part in the counselor-led Student Success Skills Intervention. The results show that â€Å"students who participated in the intervention showed greater mean improvement in reading and math scores that students at the district or state level† (Luck & Webb, 2009). The outcomes led to greater appreciation of collaborative work between counselor and the teaching staff. Within the context of comprehensive programs in school counseling, addressing the issue of sexualization among girls was discussed in an article by Choate and Curry (2009). The authors argue that being a sensitive and ethically-laden issue, the counselors’ professional orientation and skills â€Å"are uniquely suited to play a pivotal role in creating effective change in this area† (Choate & Curry, 2009). There are many factors affecting sexuality of girls and the multiple services achieved through a comprehensive program makes it possible to deal with these factors in isolation and in their interaction. Clearly the comprehensive counseling model finds various applications and provides a holistic intervention for the students. But how prepared are those in the profession to adopt this approach in their practice? A study conducted by Dahir, Burnham and Stone (2009) revealed that â€Å"there are gaps in the school counselor’s ability to embrace and implement the new vision of comprehensive school counseling during the initial stages of implementation. This finding necessitates professional development to better equip school counselors, as well as other members of the school — teaching and support staff, and administrators — for successful collaboration. Program Descriptions and Recommendations Based on the arguments and empirical data presented in the previous sections, it is highly recommended that schools shift from a service-driven model to a data-informed comprehensive school counseling program. The diverse populations co-existing in the school will greatly be nefit from the approach. The programs will be tailored according to the background and needs of the students. The socio-economic backgrounds and family context are creating serious impact on the performance of the students. Existing literature has provided evidence that counselor-led interventions to improve academic success are yielding significant differences in the test scores of the students. â€Å"The foundation is the basis of a comprehensive school counseling program† (Dahir et al. , 2005). The proposed program is aimed at developing the psycho-social and academic skills of students to help them become self-directed learners who are prepared to meet the demands of a changing society. It hopes to mold the students in the three important domains, academic, personal/social and career. Specifically, it hopes to address the learning standards in Mathematics, Science and Technology, Language Arts and Career Development. These foundational schools are important at this initial stage of program implementation and while other standards are equally important, they will be further addressed after the initial phase. It will also allow for proper monitoring and evaluation of the program. The outcomes will be measured quantitatively through standardized tests. Qualitative data will also be gathered through interviews and examination of work outputs of students. The delivery process will entail individual student planning. Career planning is recommended for the program where students will sit through a workshop to identify their personal vision-mission. This will be the first step in building their career portfolio. Responsive services will also be in place for critical cases. While topics for group sessions may be provided based on the counselor’s assessment, individual counseling will also be initiated for students mostly in need such as those with history of bullying or broken families. The school counseling curriculum will be initiated with the coordination of school teachers to improve academic performance. School tools or study skills will be provided by the counselor to encourage students to maximize their potentials and introduce different pathways to success. Feedback, monitoring and evaluation of the counseling program will be achieved through an effective system support. The guidance counselor takes the lead in engaging administrators, parents, the community and other sectors of society in measuring the outcomes of the comprehensive counseling program. On a regular basis, the school counselor convenes different stakeholders to provide information on the programs initiated and the current results. Management is the key for smooth delivery of services. Proper planning will involve scheduling of services offered. School counselors must also provide monthly reports to be able to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. Documentation therefore, is of utmost importance. â€Å"School counselors and administrators are challenged to demonstrate the effectiveness of their school counseling programs in measurable terms† (Dahir et al. 2005). Data will always be the primary source for the changes that are proposed and for further enhancements in the future. School counselors must take accountability for student achievement, in as much as teachers and principals do. Thus, the programs must be aligned with the objectives of the academic curriculum. Data must be analyzed and reflected upon to create the necessary changes in the program to ensure effectiveness. Appropriate measurement instruments will be adopted to be able to quantify the outcomes of the program.

Compare & Contrast essay about technologies essays

Compare & Contrast essay about technologies essays Email, Cell phones, Internet, Television, Pagers, and Computers is the way of the future, or is it now trademarks of everyday life? Today in 2002 peoples lives seem so interconnected with the ways that technology has been able to bridge the gap in communications. Fifty years ago, you had limited options, sending mail from the post office (which today has been labeled "snail mail") or calling them. We now have a wide variety of communication devices accessible to us so that we are never out of touch. Multimedia, Television, and internet bring into our homes images of violence, sex, ideals, and everything that is out there in the world. One of the current issues that has been approached is "Is there to much information accessible to us?" Since we are overwhelmed with so much information, scenes of sex, violence, and also by ways of communication, we are slowly loosing the sensors of right and wrong, everything is becoming almost like a video game. Compared to fifty years ago, America today is facing a whole new set of problems that was not even a consideration or a thought of Americans of yesteryear. Morals, communication, societys beliefs, trends, value of life, and even workplace environments are worlds apart from our past, and all this within a short span of time. We do not reflect the utopia that people from 1952 may have imagined for us with flying cars, ray guns, and life in space. We are a generation caught up in the world of high speed information and instant everything, even instant life (cloning and genetic research). The world of communication is so egregious; we dont know what to do. From email, to computers, to chat rooms; its how people meet and interact with each other now. These so called Internet cafes" how does this affect people? Are people more open today about meeting people than they were 50 yea ...

Causes of the Great Recession of 2007

Causes of the Great Recession of 2007 In Economics, recession refers to decline in a country’s gross domestic product for two consecutive quarters. There are several factors which caused recession but inflation is a key element. It is believed that global financial crisis was activated by liquidity decline in the banking sector following problems related to valuation of property. The resultant is a collapse in banking institutions and its subsequent bailout.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Causes of the Great Recession of 2007 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being a sub-sector in the financial market, the stock market suffered adverse effects. Furthermore, other key businesses and wealth of consumers or rather consumer confidence declined to its minimum level. Other factors which caused the 2007 recession include: ‘‘the credit crunch, decreasing prices of houses, inflation resulting from the costs and loss of confidentiality of the financial institutions’’ Turner (9). Collapse in the prices of houses Statistics indicate a crash in the prices of home from the year 2005 to the end of the year 2006 consequently sending a message that recession was finding its way to the economy (Turner, 14). This was motivated by a 14% fall in construction of houses. Arizona, Florida and 40 other estates registered a decline in sale of homes. A further investigation proved an increase by approximately 34% in the number of vacant homes in the year 2006. Cumulatively, low sales level demonstrates that profits are less and the economy will automatically face shrinkage. Furthermore the housing bubble decelerates consumer spending while sending more dedicated labor force into unemployment. Statistics illustrate an estimate of 6 trillion US dollars mortgage debt in 1999 which translated to 12 trillion US dollars in 2007 and a further higher level in later years (Turner, 12). If these figures are compared with annu al value of gross domestic product of approximately 11.5 trillion US dollars with a debt of 9 trillion US dollars then it was not possible to pay the losses. This acted as the beginning of the present predicament of never ending financial crisis. Although expansionary fiscal policy has been used to counter the effects of financial crisis, there were minimum positive results. Inflation As mentioned earlier in the text, inflation is the progressive increase in the prices of commodities. Between the years 2007 – 2008 the price of oil was three times its original price (Read 8). More funds were used to buy fuel thus registering an outward flow of wealth from importing nation to exporting nation. Prices of other commodities like copper and nickel also fluctuated hence affecting the stability of an economy through a hampered purchasing power.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The credit crunch This refers to absence of finance or putting in place strict rules and procedures necessary in order to obtaining loans. In such a situation, the interest rates and availability of credit are two independent variables. Collapse of prices due to inflation brings about credit crunch. If investors cannot access loans from banks, it means that investment level declines. Subsequently, national income will reduce as the prices of common goods goes up. A simple Keynesian rule states the correlation between savings, investment, imports and exports and consumption. A decline in liquidity can lead to unemployment because companies seek to save other than spend the little amount of money they have. Easy credit setting Straightforward economics shades light on the effects of easy conditions when lending. If interest is lowered, people will go for more borrowings from banking and other lending institutions. At the beginning of the year 2002, Federal Reserv e Bank reduced its lending rates by approximately 5.5% (Turner, 11). This action was initially triggered by security alert and the risk of deflation. In 2006, the United States of America faced unfavorable trade deficit with rising current account. This forced the US treasury to borrow funds from Asia and some Middle East nations in order to supplement on its budget. Purchase of bonds was the form of borrowing used. The net effect was a rising prices of bonds while the interest rates face an acute fall. With reference to balance of payment, existence of current account deficit means running a concurrent surplus capital account. Influx in the amount of capital after an external borrowing created demand for monetary assets while lowering interest rates. Individuals spent the money borrowed for consumption while financial institution diverted the funds to securities which were mortgage-backed. Subprime mortgage lending This type of lending simply refers to giving credit to persons who does not qualify for loans at the prime rates (Cooper, 13). Use of credit cards and mortgages covers this category of lending. The nature of sub-prime borrowers has a characteristic that they do not pay for the loans given to them. Consequently, they are riskier when given loans as compared to the prime borrowers. In the United States of America, sub-prime lending has increased over the years beginning 90s. This saw a rise in loans to an estimate of $1.3 trillion in relation to subprime mortgages. The increase in the amount of loan followed an action by financial institution to package mortgages in form of securities and subsequently selling them to investors.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Causes of the Great Recession of 2007 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the year 2006, decline in prices of homes resulted to losses as owners discovered that the amount they owed on mortgage was more than the value of their homes. The effect of this discovery was a loan default and a later reduction in the price of homes. This destroyed the mortgage backed securities making companies to write off their assets since they did not have any value. Declining prices of homes with increasing interest rates made borrowers to default paying their loans causing the mortgage industry to cave in. The lenders in the subprime industry were adversely affected as investor confidence declined steadily. Furthermore, Instability in the financial market was caused by depression of collateralized debt obligation. The credit crisis and mortgage industry has elicited varied views on how it caused the recent recession experience in the world. It is important to note that Banks are vulnerable to risks emanating from financial crisis. Some of these risks are related to overdrafts and the risks to credit where those who borrowed fail to pay their financial obligation. During the financial crisis many banks collapsed o r merged to ensure their continuity in the market. Banking industry had to borrow excessive amount of money as compare to their equity capital an event which made them highly leveraged and susceptible to unpredictable market conditions. Banks like the Lehman Brothers went bankrupt while others merged. In the same context, governments pumped in funds in form of bailout plan. Institutions which benefited from the bailout plan include: AIG and Freddie Mac Burden of debt Too much external borrowing increased individual and financial institution’s indebtedness thus putting housing bubble to collapse while deteriorating the economic situation. Economic statistics of 2007 indicate a 27% rise in home mortgage debt as compared to GDP (Read, 42). On the other hand, household debt expanded by 127%. By mid 2008, US private debt had increased by more than 100%. These are unfavorable economic conditions which gave way to recession but can be reduced by borrowing internally and reshaping m icro financial institutions. Deregulations The DIDMCA Act of 1980 widened bank’s lending powers and their insurance deposits. This motivated them to lend for speculative purposes. In the year 2004, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission relaxed the net capital rule enabling banks to increase the level of their debts. Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This action fueled development of mortgage- backed securities and subprime mortgages. Banking sectors in the shadow banking system do not operate as depository banks. These banks are allowed to take up additional debts comparative to their capital base. Another important point to note with regard to deregulation is the course taken by accounting regulators in allowing some banks i.e. Citigroup and Enron to make use of structured investment vehicles (Cooper, 33). This off balance sheet events hid the weakness of the financial institution. Cooper, George. The Origin of Financial Crises. London: Harriman House, 2008. Read, Colin. Global financial meltdown: How we can avoid the next Economic Crisis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Turner, Graham. The Credit Crunch: Housing Bubbles, Globalisation and the Worldwide Economic Crisis. London: Pluto Press, 2008.

The Development of Private Enterprises in China Essay

The Development of Private Enterprises in China - Essay Example By 1980, economic zones were created that was followed by more in the succeeding years by the clear establishment of Special Economic Zones. In terms of trade, it has implemented decentralized trade system, tax refunds and systematic foreign trade (Galbraith, p.9). The shift from the strict implementation of socialist policies to capitalistic ones was achieved primarily through the loosening of the constraints imposed by the government of the People’s Republic of China which allowed for the growth of the enterprises. This stimulated the businesses that enabled them to seek and work for returns enabled by the economic atmosphere that permitted such. The International Finance Corporation found that the main restrictions that obstruct business growth include access to finance, prejudicial competition, unreliable policy implementation and availability of information. To address these issues, the government introduced various ways to alleviate the problem and continue to do so consistently (Asian Development Bank, p.vii). The realization of these policies serves as an anchor that empowers enterprises to pursue continued growth in the region from the vantage point that was the Open Door Policy. The recognition of the involvement of the private sector in the country’s development was pivotal in clearing the path for acceptable growth. The fear of capitalism overtaking the ideology of Marxism has posed a constant battle to the region. The promotion of market-oriented reform came into being with the slackening toward a new ownership structure from firmly public ownership. â€Å"Since the late 1980’s, private enterprises in China had grown continuously an average rate of more than 30 percent every year since 1992. By the end of 2005, the number of private enterprises was 4.30 million, while total registered capital was 6,133.11 billion RMB, hiring a total of 58.24 million employees. Non-public

Role of religion in Paleolithic era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of religion in Paleolithic era - Essay Example Religion defined the boundaries between the evil and the code. This means that every life revolved around religion as faith and a creed to the universe. This paper analyses the context of religion in the Paleolithic period citing specific examples. As a discussion platform, the paper will also explain the function of religion in the same regime. Religion defined the impressive accomplishment in the Paleolithic era. This elaborated the origin and existence to life with a detailed coverage of the creator of the universe. The context also highlighted expectations within the societal setting for every mankind (Judge & Langdon, 211). The belief of human existence allocated specific mandates and roles for a given community. Religion defined the existence of mankind in the Paleolithic era as a lifestyle. The early population believed in devotion and sacrifice dedicating life to observing a given religion. Christianity as doctrine served as the cornerstone of family establishment. The moral teaching revolved around a religious aspect where the spiritual holiness depicted a given lifestyle. Religion also acted as a moral regulatory to influence and condemn behaviors (Judge & Langdon, 171). Religious leaders acted as mediators between the living and the spiritual world. The context of religion depicted a given direction for any society in the Paleolithic period. Religion defined individual endurance to achieve a higher divine calling in the Paleolithic period. The early nations obtained a spiritual calling from exercising true religious morals and behavior. The society respected the spiritual community that also acted as the higher rank of a community. A given communal decision relied on the outcome of the religious society and group. Religion acted as the moderate between parties. In the first instances, religion connected man and god, while in the second instance religion united different communal parties. The religion also served as a companion to the early